EMF Research Studies

Combined effects of 50 Hz magnetic field and magnetic nanoparticles on the proliferation and apoptosis of PC12 cells

Unknown authors · 2014

Searching for the perfect wave: the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on cells

Gherardini L et al · 2014

Assessment of oxidant/antioxidant status in saliva of cell phone users

Khalil AM, Abu Khadra KM, Aljaberi AM, Gagaa MH, Issa HS. · 2014

The study aimed to examine oxidant and antioxidant status in saliva of cell phone users by collecting samples before and after 15- and 30-minute calls. Saliva was analyzed for malondialdehyde, 8-oxo-dG, and antioxidant capacities using ORAC and HORAC assays. Mean 8-oxo-dG and protein concentrations peaked at 15 minutes, while HORAC, ORAC, and MDA levels increased progressively and reached maximum at 30 minutes. Talking time had no significant effect on 8-oxo-dG, MDA, ORAC, or HORAC levels. The authors concluded that there is no relationship between radiofrequency radiation exposure and changes in the salivary oxidant/antioxidant profile.

Effect of 950 MHz UHF electromagnetic radiation on biomarkers of oxidative damage, metabolism of UFA and antioxidants in the livers of young rats of different ages

Furtado-Filho OV et al. · 2014

Researchers assessed the effect of 950 MHz ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on biomarkers of oxidative damage, unsaturated fatty acid concentrations, and catalase expression in the livers of rats of different ages. Twelve rats per age group were divided into control and exposed groups and exposed for half an hour per day for up to 51 days at a specific absorption rate of 1.3–1.0 W/kg. The radiation did not cause oxidative stress and was not genotoxic in neonates or 6- and 15-day-old rats, but it changed polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in neonates. In 30-day-old rats there was no oxidative stress but the radiation was genotoxic to the livers of exposed rats.

Cell phone use and parotid salivary gland alterations: no molecular evidence

de Souza FT et al. · 2014

Researchers investigated whether cell phone use alters the expression of gene products related to cellular stress in parotid glands. They used saliva from 62 individuals, comparing the gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) to the unexposed contralateral gland. No differences were found in salivary flow, total protein concentration, p53, p21, ROS, GSH, heat shock proteins 27 and 70, or IgA, even when grouping by years of use or monthly call minutes.

Effect of long-term 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes of mice.

Alcaraz M, Olmos E, Alcaraz-Saura M, Achel DG, Castillo J. · 2014

Researchers exposed mice to a 50 Hz ELM-MF for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d and measured the increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte in bone marrow. ELF-EMF exposure increased micronucleated cells more than control but less than X-rays. Antioxidant substances tested did not reduce the genotoxic effect of the ELM-MF, although they reduced damage from ionizing radiation.

Assessment of the neurotoxic potential of exposure to 50 Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) in naïve and chemically stressed PC12 cells

de Groot MW, Kock MD, Westerink RH. · 2014

Researchers investigated acute (30 min) and sub-chronic (48 h) exposure to 50 Hz ELF-EMF on naïve and chemically stressed PC12 cells. Acute exposure up to 1000 μT did not affect basal or depolarization-evoked calcium levels in naïve cells. Sub-chronic exposure up to 1000 μT had no consistent effects on calcium homeostasis, ROS production, or membrane integrity in naïve cells. In chemically stressed cells, both acute and sub-chronic exposure also failed to exert consistent effects on calcium homeostasis, ROS production, and membrane integrity. The authors concluded that exposure up to 1000 μT does not induce neurotoxic effects in vitro in either cell type.

Effects of combined radiofrequency radiation exposure on levels of reactive oxygen species in neuronal cells.

Kang KA et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed U87, PC12, and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to combined radiofrequency radiation at 837 MHz CDMA and 1950 MHz WCDMA with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg each for 2 hours. They also tested co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione and measured intracellular reactive oxygen species using flow cytometry with a fluorescent probe. Combined RF radiation alone did not consistently affect ROS levels in a time-dependent manner, and co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide or menadione showed no statistically significant change compared to the chemicals alone.

Response of Caenorhabditis elegans to wireless devices radiation exposure

Fasseas MK et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed synchronized populations of C. elegans at different developmental stages to radiation from GSM mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, and DECT phones at electric field levels below ICNIRP guidelines. They examined wild-type and aging- or stress-sensitive mutant worms for changes in growth, fertility, lifespan, chemotaxis, short-term memory, ROS production, and apoptosis using fluorescent markers and qRT-PCR. No statistically significant differences were found between exposed and control animals in any of the measured outcomes.

Protective role of seame oil against mobile phone base station-induced oxidative stress

Marzook EA, Abd El Moneim AE, Elhadary AA · 2014

Exposure raised triglycerides and testosterone significantly in all groups, with oil groups showing dose-dependent increases. Exposed rats had significantly lower SOD and CAT activities than controls, while sesame oil groups showed dose-dependent increases in these enzymes. Total cholesterol decreased significantly only in the 3 ml sesame oil group, which also showed significantly elevated GSH-Rx. HDL-c and LDL-c changed in opposite directions between exposed and sesame oil groups.

Hsp70 is an independent stress marker among frequent users of mobile phones.

Balakrishnan K et al. · 2014

The study aimed to measure serum HSP70, CRP, and hsp70 gene expression in frequent mobile phone users. The researchers enrolled 120 frequent users and 102 infrequent users as controls. Serum HSP70 and CRP were measured by ELISA and hsp70 gene expression by RT-PCR. Frequent users had significantly higher serum HSP70 and CRP concentrations and higher hsp70 gene expression than infrequent users. Serum HSP70 concentration was independent of exposure duration, whereas CRP increased with duration.

Effects of melatonin on Wi-Fi-induced oxidative stress in lens of rats.

Tök L, Nazıroğlu M, Doğan S, Kahya MC, Tök O. · 2014

Thirty-two rats were randomly assigned to four groups, with one group exposed to Wi-Fi at 2.45 GHz for 60 minutes daily over 30 days and another group receiving melatonin during the same exposure. Lipid peroxidation was slightly higher in the Wi-Fi group than in controls, and glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in the Wi-Fi group. Melatonin supplementation significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and increased both glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione levels compared with the Wi-Fi group.

Analysis of rat testicular proteome following 30-days exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field radiation.

Sepehrimanesh M, Kazemipour N, Saeb M, Nazifi S. · 2014

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF radiation for 1, 2, or 4 hours per day for 30 consecutive days. Testes were analyzed using high-resolution 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Thirteen proteins were found only in sham or exposure groups, including heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase, and peroxiredoxin-1. The results suggest that 30-day EMF exposure induces nonthermal stress in testicular tissue.

Effect of exposure and withdrawal of 900-MHz-electromagnetic waves on brain, kidney and liver oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters in male rats.

Ragy MM. · 2014

Researchers exposed male rats to 900-MHz electromagnetic radiation for one hour daily over 60 days, with a withdrawal group that had a 30-day recovery period. Exposure significantly increased malondialdehyde levels and decreased total antioxidant capacity in brain, liver, and kidney tissues. Serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, and corticosterone were significantly increased, while catecholamines were not significantly changed. All these alterations were corrected after the withdrawal period.

Pathological effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old male rat kidney.

Odacı E et al. · 2014

Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour per day on days 13 to 21 of pregnancy. Kidney tissues of male pups were examined on postnatal day 21 using light and electron microscopy, and biochemical markers were measured. Light microscopy showed degenerative tubule epithelium changes, small cystic formations, and large cysts in the experimental group. Electron microscopy revealed loss of peritubular capillaries and atypical parietal layer epithelial cells. Biochemical analysis found significantly increased MDA levels and decreased SOD and CAT levels.

Protective role of sesame oil against mobile base station-induced oxidative stress

Marzook EA, Abd El Moneim AE, Elhadary AA. · 2014

Triglycerides and testosterone increased significantly in all exposed groups, with a dose-dependent rise in the sesame oil groups. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities decreased in exposed rats but increased with higher sesame oil doses. Total cholesterol decreased only in rats receiving 3 ml of sesame oil, and glutathione reductase rose significantly in that group. High-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol changed in opposite directions between the exposed and sesame oil groups.

[Effect of American Ginseng Capsule on the liver oxidative injury and the Nrf2 protein expression in rats exposed by electromagnetic radiation of frequency of cell phone.] [Article in Chinese].

Luo YP, Ma HR, Chen JW, Li JJ, Li CX. · 2014

Researchers randomly assigned 40 male SD rats to a normal control group, a model group, a Shuifei Jibin Capsule group, and an American Ginseng Capsule group, with 10 rats each. Rats in the model, SJC, and AGC groups were exposed to imitated 900 MHz cellular phone radiation for 4 h in 12 consecutive days, while the normal control group was not irradiated. Compared to the normal control, the model group showed hepatocyte nuclear atrophy, increased liver MDA and Nrf2 protein, and decreased SOD and GSH. In the SJC group, liver MDA and Nrf2 decreased and SOD, GSH, and GSH-PX increased; in the AGC group, MDA and Nrf2 decreased and SOD and GSH increased.

Effect of electromagnetic irradiation produced by 3G mobile phone on male rat reproductive system in a simulated scenario.

Kumar S, Nirala JP, Behari J, Paulraj R. · 2014

Researchers aimed to observe the effect of electromagnetic irradiation from a 3G mobile phone on the male rat reproductive system in a simulated scenario. Exposure to EMF in male albino rats was associated with a significant decrease in sperm count, increased lipid peroxidation damage in sperm cells, reduced seminiferous tubules and testicular weight, and DNA damage.

Influence of non ionizing radiation of base stations on the activity of redox proteins in bovines.

Hässig M et al. · 2014

The study aimed to observe the influence of non-ionizing radiation from base stations on redox protein activity in bovines. The experiment found that NIR changed enzyme activities, with certain enzymes disabled and others enabled. Individual cows showed varied reactions, with some reacting to NIR, others not reacting, or reacting inversely. The study approach of testing ten cows each ten times during three phases was deemed appropriate. The authors noted that future studies should set the post-exposure phase later.

Metabolic and genetic screening of electromagnetic hypersensitive subjects as a feasible tool for diagnostics and intervention.

De Luca C et al. · 2014

The study tested a panel of 12 metabolic blood redox-related parameters and selected drug-metabolizing-enzyme gene polymorphisms in 153 EHS, 147 MCS, and 132 control Italians. They found milder pro-oxidant and proinflammatory changes in the electromagnetic hypersensitivity group, including an increased plasma coenzyme-Q10 oxidation ratio. Genetic analysis showed altered distribution of CYP2C19 variants and a 9.7-fold higher risk of electromagnetic hypersensitivity for a combined GSTT1 and GSTM1 null haplotype.

Changes in mitochondrial functioning with electromagnetic radiation of ultra high frequency as revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance methods

Burlaka A et al. · 2014

Effect of mobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacity of saliva and salivary immunoglobulin a

Arbabi-Kalati F, Salimi S, Vaziry-Rabiee A, Noraeei M. · 2014

Researchers investigated the effects of mobile phone use duration on total antioxidant capacity of saliva using unstimulated saliva from 105 volunteers without oral lesions. Volunteers were divided into three groups based on daily mobile phone usage, and total antioxidant capacity was measured by the Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma method. Average total antioxidant capacities in the three groups were 657.91 µmol/lit, 726.77 µm/lit, and 560.17 µmol/lit, and talking over an hour decreased capacity compared with talking less than twenty minutes.

Effects of mobile phone radiation (900 MHz radiofrequency) on structure and functions of rat brain

Saikhedkar N et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed 30-day-old rats to 900 MHz radio waves from a mobile handset for 4 hours per day over 15 days. Exposed rats showed more anxiety and poor learning compared to control and sham groups. Antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants changed significantly and lipid peroxidation increased in exposed rats.

Effect of 3G cell phone exposure with computer controlled 2-D stepper motor on non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway in rat brain.

Kesari KK, Meena R, Nirala J, Kumar J, Verma HN. · 2014

Researchers exposed 45-day-old male Wistar rats to 3G cell phone radiation for 2 hours a day over 60 days using a computer-controlled stepper motor. Exposure significantly induced DNA strand breaks and increased micronuclei, caspase 3, and apoptosis in the brain. Western blotting showed a transient increase in phosphorylation of hsp27, hsp70, and p38MAPK, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. The researchers concluded that oxidative stress activates the hsp27/p38MAPK pathway and that 3G radiation affects brain function and causes neurological disorders.

Selenium Reduces Mobile Phone (900 MHz)-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function, and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells.

Kahya MC, Nazıroğlu M, Ciğ B. · 2014

Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz radiation on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial depolarization in a breast cancer cell line. Cells were exposed to 900 MHz radiation for 1 hour at a SAR value of 0.36 ± 0.02 W/kg, and some groups were also incubated with sodium selenite before exposure.