EMF Research Studies

Effects of GSM and UMTS mobile telephony signals on neuron degeneration and blood-brain barrier permeation in the rat brain.

Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2017

Acute Neuroinflammation Promotes Cell Responses to 1800 MHz GSM Electromagnetic Fields in the Rat Cerebral Cortex.

Lameth J et al. · 2017

Researchers investigated whether a 2-hour head-only exposure to GSM-1800 MHz could affect a neuroinflammatory reaction triggered by lipopolysaccharide in 2-week-old or adult rats. In developing rats, 24 hours after exposure, cortical interleukin-1β and NOX2 NADPH oxidase transcripts were reduced by 50 to 60% compared with sham-exposed animals. Adult rats showed a 50% reduction in IL1β mRNA but no NOX2 suppression and displayed a significant growth response of microglial cell processes. GSM exposure decreased phosphorylation at two residues on the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit (serine 831 and 845). The changes in gene expression, microglia, and GluA1 phosphorylation did not persist 72 hours after exposure and were absent without LPS pretreatment.

Behavioral testing of mice exposed to intermediate frequency magnetic fields indicates mild memory impairment.

Kumari K et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed mice to 7.5 kHz magnetic fields at 12 or 120 μT for 5 weeks. No effects were seen on body weight, spontaneous activity, motor coordination, anxiety, or aggression. In the Morris swim task, the 120 μT group showed a less steep learning curve than other groups. The passive avoidance task revealed a clear memory impairment over 48 hours in the 120 μT group. Hippocampal astroglial activation and neurogenesis were unchanged, while tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA increased significantly in the 120 μT group.

Exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field induces autophagy in hippocampus but not in brain stem of mice.

Kim JH et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed C57BL/6 mice to 835 MHz RF-EMF at an SAR of 4.0 W/kg for 12 weeks, then analyzed the hippocampus and brain stem. Several autophagic genes were significantly upregulated only in the hippocampus and not in the brain stem. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an increase in the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the hippocampal neurons of exposed mice.

Changes in numbers and size of synaptic vesicles of cortical neurons induced by exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency-electromagnetic field.

Kim JH, Kim HJ, Yu DH, Kweon HS, Huh YH, Kim HR. · 2017

Researchers studied the effects of RF-EMF exposure on synaptic vesicles in the cortical neurons of mice. C57 BL/6 mice were exposed to 835 MHz RF-EMF at 4.0 W/kg SAR for 5 hours daily. The density of synaptic vesicles was significantly decreased in the presynaptic boutons of cortical neurons after exposure. The expression of synapsins I/II genes and proteins was also significantly decreased in exposed mice.

Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field from 915 MHz radiofrequency identification system on circulating blood cells in the healthy adult rat.

Kim HS et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to a 915 MHz radiofrequency identification signal at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 2 weeks. The number of red blood cells and values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices were increased in the RFID-exposed group compared with the cage-control and sham-exposed groups. The number of white blood cells, including lymphocytes, was decreased in RFID-exposed rats, though T-cell counts and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio showed no statistically significant difference between sham-exposed and RFID-exposed groups. The researchers noted that these changes do not necessarily indicate that RFID exposure is harmful, as they were within the normal physiological response range.

Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and stereological analysis of the effect of Gingko biloba (Egb761) on the hippocampus of rats exposed to long-term cellphone radiation.

Gevrek F. · 2017

Rats were divided into three groups — Control, EMR, and EMR+Egb761 — and the EMR groups were exposed to cellphone radiation at 0.96 W/kg SAR for one month. In the EMR group, apoptotic proteins (Bax, Acas-3) increased and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased, along with a reduction in total granule and pyramidal cell counts. Rats that also received Egb761 showed decreased Bax and Acas-3, increased Bcl-2, fewer TUNEL-stained apoptotic cells, and a higher total viable cell number.

Effects of 15 Hz square wave magnetic fields on the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons.

Zheng Y, Dou JR, Gao Y, Dong L, Li G. · 2017

Researchers isolated cortical pyramidal neurons from Kunming mice and exposed them to 15 Hz, 1 mT square wave magnetic fields. Sodium currents, transient potassium currents, and delayed rectifier potassium currents were recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp method. Magnetic field exposure depressed channel current densities and altered the activation kinetics of sodium and potassium channels, and the inactivation properties of INa and IA were also altered.

Influence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on Ca2+ signaling and double messenger system in mice hippocampus and reversal function of procyanidins extracted from lotus seedpod.

Zhang H et al. · 2017

Researchers investigated the influence of a 50 Hz, 8 mT extremely low frequency magnetic field, applied 4 hours per day for 28 days, on calcium ion signaling in the hippocampus of mice. Exposure increased levels of Gi protein, IP3, DAG, PKA, PKC beta, PP2B, and intracellular calcium, while decreasing CaMK II and PKC alpha. ELF-MF exposure also decreased the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which the researchers described as playing a key role in hippocampal neuronal cell death. Oral administration of procyanidins from lotus seedpod, especially at 90 mg per kg, significantly recovered these changes and nearly reached normal levels.

Extremely low frequency magnetic field protects injured spinal cord from the microglia- and iron-induced tissue damage.

Dey S, Bose S, Kumar S, Rathore R, Mathur R, Jain S. · 2017

Researchers performed complete transection of the spinal cord at the T13 level in male Wistar rats, then exposed them to a magnetic field at 50 Hz and 17.96 µT for 2 hours daily for 8 weeks. Compared to injured rats that received no magnetic field, injured rats that received the magnetic field showed significant improvement in locomotion. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry revealed significant reductions in lesion volume, microglia, macrophage, collagen tissue, and iron content, along with higher vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the magnetic field group.

Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats.

Chauhan P, Verma HN, Sisodia R, Kesari KK. · 2017

Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a power density of 0.2 mW/cm2 for 2 hours a day for 35 days, then examined brain, liver, kidney, testis, and spleen. Significantly high levels of lipid peroxide were found in the liver (p < 0.001), brain (p < 0.004), and spleen (p < 0.006) of exposed rats. Histological changes were also observed in the brain, liver, testis, kidney, and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure, compared to the control group.

Pulsed or continuous electromagnetic field induce p53/p21-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway in mouse spermatogenic cells in vitro and thus may affect male fertility.

Solek P et al. · 2017

Researchers investigated the effects of pulsed and continuous electromagnetic fields on two mouse spermatogenic cell lines, GC-1 spg and GC-2 spd, in vitro. The researchers evaluated mitochondrial metabolism, morphology, proliferation rate, viability, cell cycle progression, oxidative stress balance, and regulatory proteins. The results strongly suggested that EMF induced oxidative and nitrosative stress-mediated DNA damage, resulting in p53/p21-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The researchers concluded that electromagnetic field impairs male fertility by inducing p53/p21-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Preventing electromagnetic pulse irradiation damage on testis using selenium-rich Cordyceps fungi. A preclinical study in young male mice.

Miao X et al. · 2017

Researchers conducted a preclinical randomized study using 3-week-old male BALB/c mice repeatedly exposed to electromagnetic pulses at a peak intensity of 200 kV/m, 5 days per week for four consecutive weeks. Some mice also received daily co-administration of selenium-rich Cordyceps fungi at 100 mg/kg. Mice exposed without Cordyceps showed decreased sperm formation, shrunk seminiferous tubule diameters, and diminished antioxidative capacity at 28 and 60 days after exposure. Daily Cordyceps co-treatment alleviated the testicular damage, increased sperm formation, and reduced apoptotic spermatogenic cells.

Effect of 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on novel object associative recognition memory in mice.

Wang K et al. · 2017

Researchers examined the effects of a single 30-minute exposure to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on recognition memory in mice, using the novel object recognition task. Exposure at an intensity above 2.2 W/kg SAR produced a significant, density-dependent increase in the recognition memory index, with no corresponding changes in spontaneous locomotor activity. The researchers also found that exposure increased dendritic-spine density and length in hippocampal and prefrontal cortical neurons, and significantly altered neuronal excitability in pyramidal neurons. The SAR used in the study was 3.3 W/kg, which the researchers noted was outside the range encountered in normal daily life.

Long term impairment of cognitive functions and alterations of NMDAR subunits after continuous microwave exposure

Wang H et al. · 2017

Researchers exposed 220 male Wistar rats to a 2.856 GHz radiation source at power densities of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mW/cm² for 6 min/day, 5 days/week, for up to 6 weeks. Rats in the 10 mW/cm² group showed declines in spatial learning and memory and EEG disorders, including decreased EEG frequencies and increased amplitudes and delta wave powers. Changes in the basic structure and ultrastructure of the hippocampus were found in the 10 and 5 mW/cm² groups. The researchers suggested that continuous microwave exposure could cause dose-dependent long-term impairment of spatial learning and memory, and that decreases in NMDAR key subunits and phosphorylation of NR2B might contribute to cognitive impairment.

Long-term exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF induces hyperactivity, autophagy and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice

Kim JH, Yu DH, Huh YH, Lee EH, Kim HG, Kim HR. · 2017

Researchers exposed C57BL/6 mice to 835 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 4.0 W/kg for 5 hours per day during 12 weeks. The study found that RF-EMF exposure led to myelin sheath damage and that mice displayed hyperactivity-like behavior. Autophagy-related proteins including LC3B-II and Beclin1 were increased in neuronal cell bodies, and the researchers suggest autophagy may act as a protective pathway during radiofrequency exposure.

The role of electromagnetic fields in neurological disorders

Terzi et al · 2016

The study tested whether glutamate release from cardiovascular afferents could be detected with biosensors and whether it changes in heart failure. Heart failure was induced by coronary artery ligation, and after 5–6 weeks a glutamate biosensor was placed in the nucleus tractus solitarii of anesthetized, ventilated rats. In sham-operated rats, cardiopulmonary and depressor reflex activation released 2.6 ± 0.8 μM and 1.1 ± 0.2 μM glutamate, respectively, with associated blood pressure and heart rate changes. In heart failure rats, glutamate release was significantly reduced to 0.5 ± 0.3 μM and 0.2 ± 0.1 μM, while cardiovascular responses and resting pressure and heart rate were unchanged.

2016 NTP Report of Partial Findings (Rats)

Unknown authors · 2016

The report presents partial findings, including low incidences of malignant gliomas in the brain and schwannomas in the heart of male rats exposed to CDMA and GSM modulated RFR. Potentially preneoplastic lesions were also observed in the brain and heart of male rats exposed to RFR.

Short- and long-term exposure to alternating magnetic field (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) affects rat pituitary ACTH cells: Stereological study

Rauš Balind S, M. · 2016

Protective effect of procyanidins extracted from the lotus seedpod on immune function injury induced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field

Unknown authors · 2016

The study evaluated the protective effect of lotus seedpod procyanidins against extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure at 50 Hz, 8 mT for 28 days. LSPCs increased the organ index of mice and restored damaged blood-producing function and cytokine levels including INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 in the spleen to normal. LSPCs also inhibited splenocyte stagnation in G0/G1 phase, promoted proliferation, reduced apoptosis, prevented DNA content decline, and reversed changes in Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 expression.

Life-span exposure to sinusoidal-50 Hz magnetic field and acute low-dose y radiation induce carcinogenic effects in Sprague-Dawley rats

Unknown authors · 2016

1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields do not aggravate memory deficits in 5xFAD mice.

Son Y et al. · 2016

Researchers exposed 5xFAD mice to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at 5 W/kg SAR for 2 hours daily, 5 days a week, for 3 months. They used Y-maze, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition tests to assess spatial and non-spatial memory. They also measured Aβ deposition, APP and CTFβ levels in hippocampus and cortex, and plasma Aβ peptides. The 3-month exposure did not affect Aβ-related memory impairment or Aβ accumulation.

Cerebral radiofrequency exposures during adolescence: Impact on astrocytes and brain functions in healthy and pathologic rat models.

Petitdant N et al. · 2016

Researchers used rats to assess whether astrocyte reactivity, perception, and emotionality were affected by RF EMF exposures during adolescence. They also investigated if adolescent brains were more sensitive to RF EMF exposures after neurodevelopmental inflammation. Results did not show any neurobiological impairment in healthy and vulnerable RF EMF-exposed rats compared to sham-exposed controls. Data did not support the hypothesis of a specific cerebral sensitivity to RF EMF of adolescents, even after neurodevelopmental inflammation.

Analysis of gene expression in mouse brain regions after exposure to 1.9 GHz radiofrequency fields.

McNamee JP et al. · 2016

Adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated or continuous-wave radiofrequency fields for 4 hours per day over 5 days at specific absorption rates of 0, 0.2, and 1.4 W/kg. Total RNA was isolated from the auditory cortex, amygdala, caudate, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex and gene expression was analyzed using Illumina MouseWG-6 (v2) BeadChip arrays. When controlling the false discovery rate, no differentially expressed genes were identified in any brain region compared to sham controls. Some genes showed differences without multiple-comparison correction, but no consistent pattern emerged across exposure levels or modulations.

Disruption of the ovarian follicle reservoir of prepubertal rats following prenatal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field.

Türedi S, Hancı H, Çolakoğlu S, Kaya H, Odacı E. · 2016

Researchers exposed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats to continuous 900-MHz EMF for one hour daily on gestational days 13-21. Female offspring were evaluated on postnatal day 34 for ovarian follicle counts and histopathology. Exposed offspring showed significantly fewer primordial and tertiary follicles and more atretic follicles and higher apoptotic index than controls. Histopathology revealed severe follicle degeneration, vasocongestion, increased stromal fibrotic tissue, and cytoplasmic vacuolization in granulosa cells.