Li WH, Li YZ, Song DD, Wang XR, Liu M, Wu XD, Liu XH. · 2014
Researchers pretreated rat MMECs with CRT (25 pg/mL) for 12 hours then exposed them to 2.856 GHz radiation at 30 mW/cm2 for six minutes. Microwave radiation increased LDH leakage, apoptosis rate, and decreased cell viability in MMECs. Microwave radiation also induced ER stress characterized by increased GRP78 and CRT expression and upregulation of CHOP and Bax with downregulation of Bcl-2. Exogenous CRT pretreatment attenuated MR-induced apoptosis, LDH leakage, ER stress, and ER stress-related apoptotic signaling.
Hwang Y, Ahn J, Mun J, Bae S, Jeong YU, Vinokurov NA, Kim P. · 2014
Researchers irradiated the ear skin of a live anesthetized mouse with pulsed THz waves and monitored the response at the cellular level using intravital laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The pulsed THz wave used was 2.7 THz with a 4 μs pulsewidth, 61.4 μJ per pulse, at a 3 Hz repetition rate, applied at an average power of 260 mW/cm2 for 30 minutes. No temperature change was detected at the skin surface, while a massive recruitment of newly infiltrated neutrophils was observed in the irradiated area after 6 hours.
Gapeyev AB, Aripovsky AV, Kulagina TP. · 2014
Researchers studied whether extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) could modify fatty acid content and composition in the thymus of mice also exposed to X-rays. Mice were exposed to low-intensity pulse-modulated EHF EMR at 42.2 GHz and/or X-rays at a dose of 4 Gy, with measurements taken at several time points up to 40 days after exposure. X-irradiation alone significantly increased total fatty acid content in thymic tissue within 4 to 5 hours and decreased it at 10 and 30 days, while thymus weight remained significantly reduced on days 30 and 40. When EHF EMR was applied before or after X-irradiation, changes in total fatty acid content were prevented and thymus weight restoration was promoted by day 40.
Chen L, Qin F, Chen Y, Sun J, Tong J. · 2014
Cam ST, Seyhan N, Kavaklı C, Celikbıçak O. · 2014
The study investigated whether pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation affects hydroxyproline content in rat skin, because skin is described as the first target of external electromagnetic fields. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to 900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation at an average whole-body SAR of 1.35 W/kg for 20 min/day for 3 weeks. Exposure caused a statistically significant increase in skin hydroxyproline level (p = 0.049), at a SAR below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection safety limit.
Ben Yakir-Blumkin M, Loboda Y, Schächter L, Finberg JP. · 2014
Zong C, Ji Y, He Q, Zhu S, Qin F, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2014
Researchers exposed adult mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 120 μW/cm2 power density for 4 hours per day for 7 days, then injected some mice with bleomycin. Radiofrequency exposure alone showed no indications of increased DNA or oxidative damage compared to mice treated with bleomycin alone. Mice exposed to radiofrequency fields and then given bleomycin showed significantly reduced DNA damage at each repair time point measured, as well as decreased MDA levels and increased SOD levels.
Türedi S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day on days 13 to 21 of pregnancy, then examined the hearts of male rat pups on postnatal day 21. The mean electrical field intensity inside the exposure box was 13.77 V/m. In the exposed group, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase values were significantly higher, while glutathione values were lower. Microscopy revealed irregularities in heart muscle fibers, apoptotic changes, mitochondrial swelling and crista loss, myofibril degeneration, and structural impairments in Z bands.
Shahin S, Mishra V, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. · 2014
Researchers exposed twelve-week-old male Swiss strain mice to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day for 30 days at a power density of 0.029812 mW/cm2 and SAR of 0.018 W/Kg. Microwave irradiation induced a significant decrease in sperm count and sperm viability, along with a decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Reduced testicular 3β HSD activity and plasma testosterone levels were also observed in the exposed mice. The researchers suggested that chronic exposure to nonionizing microwave radiation may lead to infertility via a free radical species-mediated pathway.
Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Rajamani P, Verma HN, Kesari KK. · 2014
Researchers divided 70-day-old male Wistar rats into four groups: sham exposed, melatonin treated, microwave exposed, and microwave plus melatonin treated. Exposure took place in Plexiglas cages for 2 hours a day for 45 days at a power density of 0.21 mW/cm2 and a SAR of 0.14 W/Kg. Melatonin was associated with a significant increase in testicular LDH-X and decreased levels of MDA and ROS in the testes. The researchers concluded that melatonin has strong antioxidative potential against microwave-induced oxidative stress mediated DNA damage in testicular cells.
Liu K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) to 1800 MHz GSM signals at SAR values of 1, 2, or 4 w/kg for 24 hours. The expression of LC3-II increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner with RF exposure, and showed a significant change at the SAR value of 4 w/kg. RF exposure did not increase the percentage of apoptotic cells, but inhibition of autophagy could increase the percentage of apoptotic cells. The findings suggested that autophagy flux could be enhanced by 1800 MHz GSM exposure, mediated by ROS generation.
Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. · 2014
Researchers studied oxidative damage and the protective effect of garlic in rats exposed to low-level electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Groups II and III were exposed to low-level EMF at 3.68 ± 0.36 V/m at 2.45 GHz for 1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days, with Group III also receiving 500 mg/kg garlic daily. Exposure increased 8-OHdG levels in both plasma and brain tissue and increased AOPP levels only in plasma, while garlic prevented the increase of 8-OHdG in brain tissue and AOPP in plasma.
Seifirad S et al. · 2014
Single exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation and also increased antioxidant serum activity, including HDL, paraoxonase activity, and serum total antioxidant capacity. Chronic exposure increased lipid peroxidation, affected the antioxidant system, and led to irreversible changes, while acute exposure tended toward reversible alterations. The researchers noted that antioxidant capability was dependent on the duration and continuity of ELF-MF exposure.
Ghodbane S1 et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to a static magnetic field of 128 mT for one hour per day over five days and examined effects on glucose metabolism. Exposure increased blood glucose level by 21% and caused a decrease of 15% in liver glycogen content. Vitamin E prevented the glucose metabolism and liver glycogen alterations induced by the static magnetic field, whereas selenium restored only liver glycogen content. Neither vitamin E nor selenium corrected the reduction in pancreatic islet area observed after static magnetic field exposure.
Ciejka E et al. · 2014
Researchers studied how an extremely low frequency magnetic field used in magnetotherapy affected glutathione levels and redox state in rat skeletal muscle. Male rats weighing 280-300 g were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: a control group and treatment groups exposed to 40 Hz, 7 mT for either 0.5 h/day or 1 h/day for 14 days. Both 30 min/day and 60 min/day exposures significantly increased total glutathione levels in skeletal muscle compared to controls (p < 0.001).
Chen Y, Hong L, Zeng Y, Shen Y, Zeng Q. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts to a 50 Hz power frequency magnetic field at 2 mT across several time points and measured autophagy markers. A significant increase in autophagic markers was observed at 6 hours, including higher LC3-II levels, increased GFP-LC3 puncta formation, and increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles. The increase in autophagic markers was the result of enhanced autophagic flux and not the suppression of lysosomal function, and the autophagic process involved reactive oxygen species and was independent of the mTOR signaling pathway.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG · 2014
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 10 G) for 8 hours per day for up to 120 days to study obsessive-compulsive disorder-like behavior. OCD-like behavior was measured using the marble burying behavior test, and the results showed that the magnetic field induced time-dependent marble burying behavior on each exposure day tested. A nitric oxide precursor worsened the OCD-like behavior, while nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduced it, with corresponding changes in nitric oxide levels.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. · 2014
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to a 50 Hz, 10 G extremely low-frequency magnetic field for 8 hours per day across periods of up to 120 days. Anxiety was measured using an elevated plus maze, open field test, and social interaction test, on the 7th, 30th, 60th, 90th, and 120th exposure day, respectively. The findings suggest that the magnetic field significantly induced anxiety behavior and that the NMDA receptor was involved in its effect. Glutamate and GABA levels were significantly elevated in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, though GABA receptor modulators did not produce a significant effect on the induced anxiety.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 50 Hz, at intensities of 50 and 100 µT, for 90 days continuously. The hippocampal, cerebellar and cortical regions of the brain were analyzed for reactive oxygen species, markers of oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes. Compared with control rats, exposed rats showed oxidative stress and altered glutathione levels in a dose-dependent manner across all brain regions.
Mahdavi SM, Sahraei H, Yaghmaei P, Tavakoli H. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure at 1 and 5 Hz on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes in male Wistar rats. Plasma ACTH concentration increased in both frequency groups, while noradrenaline concentration showed an overall reduction.
Li Y, Yan X, Liu J, Li L, Hu X, Sun H, Tian J. · 2014
Researchers examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from neonatal rats. Exposure to 50 Hz and 1 mT PEMF for 2 hours increased both intracellular free calcium levels and Bdnf mRNA expression. The increase in calcium was found to come from influx through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, while calcium mobilization from internal stores was not involved. Blocking the Erk signaling pathway strongly inhibited PEMF-related Erk1/2 activation and BDNF expression, indicating that Erk activation was required for PEMF-induced BDNF upregulation.
Li C, Xie M, Luo F, He C, Wang J, Tan G, Hu Z. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of 14 and 28 days of exposure to a 50 Hz, 0.5 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field on glutamate receptor subunit expressions and spatial learning and memory in rats. The exposure changed NMDAR and AMPAR subunit levels in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and prefrontal cortex in ways that differed by brain region and duration. Despite these receptor changes, neither 14 nor 28 days of exposure affected the rats' spatial reference memory as assessed by water maze.
Komaki A, Khalili A, Salehi I, Shahidi S, Sarihi A. · 2014
Researchers divided twenty-nine adult male Wistar rats into three groups: an ELF-EMF exposed group, a sham group, and a control group. The exposed rats received a 50 Hz, 100 micro Tesla magnetic field for 90 consecutive days at 2 hours per day. Prolonged exposure to ELF-EMFs increased LTP induction, and there was a significant difference in the slope of EPSP and amplitude of PS between the ELF-EMF group and other groups. The researchers' data suggest that exposure to ELF-EMFs produces a marked change in the synaptic plasticity generated in synapses of the PP-DG.
Duan Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, He Y, Fan R, Cheng Y, Sun G, Sun X. · 2014
Researchers studied whether exposure to a 50 Hz, 8 mT extremely low frequency electromagnetic field for 28 days altered glutamate release in mice hippocampus and whether treatment with lotus seedpod procyanidins (LSPCs) could normalize those changes. Exposure increased glutamate, GABA, NMDA receptor 2B levels, and intracellular calcium concentration in the hippocampus, while decreasing ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation. Oral administration of LSPCs, especially at 60 and 90 mg per kilogram, markedly improved expressions of p-CREB, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK1/2, and was accompanied by decreased levels of glutamate, GABA, intracellular calcium, and NR2B.
Alsaeed I et al. · 2014
Researchers examined the effects of perinatal exposure to ELF EMF on autism-relevant behavioral parameters in male BALB/C mice. Exposed mice lacked normal sociability and preference for social novelty, and also showed decreased exploratory activity. The researchers concluded that the results are supportive of the hypothesis of a causal link between exposure to ELF EMF and ASD, but recommended replications with further tests.
