Unknown authors · 2006
Researchers conducted a population-based case-control study covering areas with 54% of Japanese children, analyzing 312 cases of acute lymphoblastic or myelocytic leukemia and 603 matched controls. Weekly mean magnetic field levels were measured in the child's bedroom, with measurements for each case-control set taken close in time to control for seasonal variation. The odds ratio for all leukemia combined was 2.6 (95% CI 0.76–8.6) and for acute lymphoblastic leukemia alone was 4.7 (95% CI 1.15–19.0) for bedroom fields of 0.4 μT or higher versus below 0.1 μT.
Unknown authors · 2006
Researchers exposed female mice to 50 Hz, 1.2 mT electromagnetic fields for 8 hours per day throughout pregnancy. Exposed dams gained weight more slowly (29.0% vs 47.8%) and had a lower producing rate (60% of controls), with miscarriages, fetal loss, and malformed fetuses observed. The average number of offspring per mouse decreased (11 ± 1.6 vs 7 ± 2.0), and prenatally exposed offspring showed slower weight gain in the first two weeks and delayed eye opening and tooth eruption.
Unknown authors · 2006
Researchers studied the effect of 50 Hz electromagnetic field on the thyroid gland using light and transmission electron microscopes. Two-month-old male rats were exposed to an EMF of 100-300 μT and 54-160 V m-1 for 4 h a day, 5 days a week for 1 month. The EMF group showed a predominance of microfollicles with less colloid content and dilated blood capillaries. Stereological counting revealed a statistically significant increase in the volume density of follicular epithelium, interfollicular tissue, blood capillaries, and the thyroid activation index, while the volume density of colloid significantly decreased.
Unknown authors · 2006
They examined trends in EMF exposure and leukemia rates separately and then compared the two trends. Both incidence rates and exposures increased, but the many approximations and assumptions prevent the ecologic evidence from providing meaningful evidence for or against a causal link.
Unknown authors · 2006
Researchers estimated the possible public health impact of ELF exposure on childhood leukemia using attributable fractions. They used ELF exposure distributions from various countries and dose-response functions from two pooled analyses. Attributable fractions remained below 10%, with point estimates from less than 1% to about 4%. Worldwide, 100 to 2,400 childhood leukemia cases were possibly attributable to ELF exposure.
Unknown authors · 2006
Unknown authors · 2006
Hondou T et al et al. · 2006
Researchers conducted a numerical investigation using a realistic human body model and an actual elevator size to assess SAR from a mobile phone modeled as a dipole antenna at 16 mm from the head. They used finite-difference time-domain technique with a supercomputer at frequencies of 900, 1500, and 2000 MHz with 250 mW transmitting power. Results showed that peak 10-g SAR depends on passenger and antenna position, with substantial increases in whole-body average SAR and peak 10-g SAR in the elevator over free-space values. However, the maximum values met international RF safety guidelines, with whole-body average SAR at 4.4% and peak spatial-average SAR at 78% of the guideline.
Unknown authors · 2006
Unknown authors · 2006
Researchers conducted six case-control studies from the late 1990s on brain tumours, salivary gland tumours, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and testicular cancer, assessing exposure via self-administered questionnaires. For acoustic neuroma, analogue phones gave an odds ratio of 2.9 (95% CI 2.0–4.3), digital phones 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–2.1), and cordless phones 1.5 (95% CI 1.04–2.0). For astrocytoma grade III-IV, analogue phones gave an odds ratio of 1.7 (95% CI 1.3–2.3), digital phones 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.9), and cordless phones 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–1.9). Odds ratios rose with longer latency, peaking at over 10 years since first use, while lower odds ratios were seen for astrocytoma grade I-II. No association was found for salivary gland tumours, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or testicular cancer.
Takebayashi T et al. · 2006
Regular mobile phone use showed no significant increase in risk, with an odds ratio of 0.73 (95% CI 0.43 to 1.23). No increase in risk was observed for cumulative years of use or cumulative call time.
Yuasa K et al. · 2006
Researchers studied somatosensory evoked potentials in 12 normal volunteers before and after 30 minutes of mobile phone exposure compared with sham exposure. In 7 of the 12 volunteers, the recovery function of the somatosensory evoked potential was also measured. Neither the somatosensory evoked potentials nor their recovery function were affected by the mobile phone exposure or sham exposure.
Whitehead TD, Moros EG, Brownstein BH, Roti Roti JL. · 2006
Researchers exposed cultured C3H 10T 1/2 cells to cell phone RF radiation at a specific absorption rate of 5 W/kg for 24 hours. Gene expression was measured using Affymetrix microarrays and compared to sham controls. The RF exposure did not produce more gene expression changes than expected by chance. In contrast, X-ray exposure at 0.68 Gy with a 4-hour recovery produced more changes than the sham comparison.
Whitehead TD, Moros EG, Brownstein BH, Roti Roti JL · 2006
Researchers performed in vitro experiments with C3H 10T(1/2) mouse cells to test whether FDMA or CDMA modulated RF radiation induces changes in gene expression. Cells were exposed to either modulation for 24 h at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 5 W/ kg. Gene expression was evaluated using the Affymetrix U74Av2 GeneChip to detect changes in mRNA levels. As a positive control, cells were exposed to 0.68 Gy of X rays and gene expression was evaluated 4 h after exposure. For both CDMA and FDMA radiation, the number of probe sets with expression changes greater than 1.3-fold was less than or equal to the expected false positives, indicating no statistically significant effect on gene expression.
Wang LL, Chen GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2006
Researchers intermittently exposed MCF-7 cells to GSM 1800 MHz RF EMF modulated by 217 Hz for 24 hours at SARs of 2.0 W/kg or 3.5 W/kg. A small number of differentially expressed genes were found after exposure. Reproducible analysis yielded no genes at 2.0 W/kg and five up-regulated genes at 3.5 W/kg. The five genes identified at 3.5 W/kg could not be confirmed by RT-PCR. The authors concluded that the study did not provide clear evidence of distinct gene expression changes under the experimental conditions.
Vijayalaxmi · 2006
Researchers exposed peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy volunteers to 2.45 GHz or 8.2 GHz pulsed-wave RF radiation for 2 hours. They measured chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei to assess cytogenetic damage. The RF-exposed lymphocytes showed no significant increase in damage compared to sham-exposed lymphocytes. Gamma-irradiated positive control cells showed significantly more damage than both RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells.
Tuschl H, Novak W, Molla-Djafari H. · 2006
The study assessed whether GSM-modulated RF fields have adverse effects on the functional competence of human immune cells. Exposure was performed at GSM Basic 1950 MHz with an SAR of 1 mW/g in an intermittent mode of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off for 8 hours. Researchers evaluated intracellular cytokine production, immune-relevant gene activity, and cytotoxicity of lymphokine-activated killer cells using blood from at least 15 donors per parameter. No statistically significant effects of exposure were found.
Thorlin et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed cultured astroglial and microglial cells to 900 MHz microwave radiation at various SARs and durations. They measured markers including interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, glial fibrillary acidic protein, total protein, and ED-1. No significant differences were found for any parameter at any time or radiation characteristic. Total protein levels remained constant and cell morphology appeared unaffected. The study concluded no evidence for effects on damage-related factors in glial cells.
Terao Y, Okano T, Furubayashi T, Ugawa Y · 2006
Researchers used a double-blind, counterbalanced crossover design with 16 normal subjects. Subjects performed a visuo-motor precued choice reaction time task before and after 30 minutes of mobile phone EMF exposure or sham exposure. Reaction times and movement times under different precue conditions were not affected by real or sham exposure.
Sukhotina I, Streckert JR, Bitz AK, Hansen VW, Lerchl A · 2006
Researchers exposed isolated pineal glands from Djungarian hamsters to 1800 MHz continuous wave or GSM-modulated signals at SAR levels of 8, 80, 800, and 2700 mW/kg for 7 hours. At 800 mW/kg SAR both signal types significantly enhanced melatonin release, but at 2700 mW/kg SAR continuous wave elevated melatonin while GSM-modulated exposure suppressed it. The authors concluded that the data do not support the melatonin hypothesis that nonthermal radiofrequency exposure suppresses melatonin synthesis.
Shen YH, Yu D, Fu YT, Chiang H. · 2006
Five hundred female Sprague Dawley rats received a single dose of 35 mg/kg DMBA and were divided into five groups with SARs of 0, 0.44, 1.33, and 4.00 W/kg, exposed for 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 26 weeks. The sham-exposure group had a 37% carcinoma incidence, while the exposure groups at 0.44, 1.33, and 4.00 W/kg had incidences of 25%, 34%, and 38% respectively, with no statistically significant differences between groups. The authors concluded that the study did not provide evidence that 900 MHz GSM microwave exposure promotes DMBA-induced mammary tumor development in rats.
Schüz J et al. · 2006
Researchers followed a nationwide cohort of 420,095 Danish cellular telephone subscribers from 1982 to 1995 through 2002 for cancer incidence. A total of 14,249 cancers were observed with a standardized incidence ratio of 0.95 (95% CI 0.93 to 0.97) for men and women combined. Cellular telephone use was not associated with increased risk for brain tumors, acoustic neuromas, salivary gland tumors, eye tumors, or leukemias. Among long-term subscribers of 10 years or more, there was no increased risk for brain tumors and no trend with time since first subscription. Smoking-related cancer risk was decreased among men but increased among women.
Schuz J et al. · 2006
Researchers conducted a population-based case-control study in Germany with 747 brain tumor cases and 1494 matched controls aged 30 to 69 years. Exposure was assessed by the location of a DECT cordless phone base station close to the bed as a proxy for continuous low-level radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure during the night. Estimated odds ratios were 0.82 (95% CI 0.29-2.33) for glioma and 0.83 (0.29-2.36) for meningioma, with no increasing risk observed with longer exposure duration.
Schuz J et al. · 2006
Researchers conducted a population-based case-control study in three German regions, enrolling 366 glioma cases, 381 meningioma cases, and 1,494 controls. Overall cellular phone use was not associated with brain tumor risk, with odds ratios of 0.98 for glioma and 0.84 for meningioma. Among long-term users of 10 or more years, glioma risk was elevated (odds ratio 2.20) but meningioma risk was not, and cordless phone use showed no association with either tumor.
Scarfi MR et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 healthy donors to 900 MHz GSM signals at SARs of 0, 1, 5, and 10 W/kg for 24 hours. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay showed no genotoxic or cytotoxic effects across the range of SARs investigated. Two independent laboratories (ENEA Rome and CNR-IREA Naples) each tested five donors and cross-scored slides, confirming the findings.
