EMF Research Studies

EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO 60 HZ ELECTRIC FIELDS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT

Unknown authors

THE EFFECT OF PRENATAL MICROWAVE EXPOSURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES IN THE MOUSE

Unknown authors

Pregnant ICR mice were exposed to 2450 MHz continuous-wave radiation for 3 hours daily from gestational day 7 to 17 at an average power density of 10 mW/cm². Pups were tested from day 1 to day 21 postpartum using a battery of behavioral and neurological tests, all conducted blind. Exposed pups showed delayed initiation of several behavioral responses compared with sham-exposed pups. The delay affected the time needed for all exposed pups to achieve each response, but all exposed pups eventually reached the same developmental level as controls.

Considerations in the Evaluation of the Biological Effects of Exposure to Microwave Radiation

Stephen F. Cleary, William T. Ham, Jr.

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM LOW-LEVEL MICROWAVE EXPOSURE ON DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF CHEMICALLY /3,4-BENZOPYRENE AND DI-ETHYL-NITROSO-AMINE/ INDUCED NEOPLASMS

Unknown authors

The study used BALB/c mice and the chemical carcinogens 3,4-benzopyrene applied to skin and diethylnitrosamine injected intraperitoneally. Both carcinogens led to neoplasms with immunosuppression in the final stage of tumor growth. Exposure at 20 mW/cm2 caused earlier immunosuppression and earlier tumor appearance, while 5 mW/cm2 produced only slight insignificant differences.

TISSUE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS USING THE MICROWAVE NETWORK ANALYZER

Unknown authors

The method uses a modified Roberts-von Hippel technique with a microwave network analyzer to measure the reflection coefficient from a tissue sample confined by a teflon plug in a precision coaxial line. Achieving high accuracy requires quarter-wavelength sample lengths, thickness measurement within 0.001 cm, and calibration against known terminations each time a sample is measured. Tests on distilled water, physiological saline, and methanol showed close agreement with known dielectric values, validating the technique.

THERMAL EFFECTS ON COLONIC AND REGIONAL BRAIN TEMPERATURE IN UNANESTHETIZED RATS EXPOSED TO 2450 MHz CW MICROWAVES

Unknown authors

Researchers monitored colonic temperature and temperatures in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and medulla of unanesthetized rats that were either sham-exposed or exposed to 2450 MHz CW microwaves at 65 mW/cm² for 30 or 90 minutes. Regional brain and colonic temperatures were significantly higher in exposed rats than in sham controls after both exposure durations. In sham rats the mean cortical temperature was 36.6°C. After 30 minutes of exposure cortical temperature rose to 40.0°C and after 90 minutes to 42.1°C. Cortical and cerebellar temperatures were slightly lower than colonic temperature, while hypothalamic and medullary temperatures were slightly higher in all groups.

GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC GRADIENT VARIATIONS RELATE TO SURFACE HEAT FLUX

Unknown authors

The researchers analyzed hourly solar energy absorption by land and water surfaces using a world globe model. Land absorbs a significant portion of incident solar energy while water absorbs only about ten percent as sensible heat. The analysis revealed significant and surprisingly uniform variations in solar energy absorption between seasons and across 24-hour periods.

INFLUENCE OF PULSED MICROWAVE RADIATION ON THE LYMPHOCYTES OF RATS

Unknown authors

Researchers exposed 20 young male rats to pulsed microwaves at 24.4 mW/cm² for seven weeks, five days per week, four hours per day. A significant drop in absolute lymphocyte count occurred from the fifth week of irradiation and persisted until ten weeks after exposure ended. The percentage of large lymphocytes remained relatively higher in irradiated rats throughout most of the exposure period. No significant changes were found in nucleolar coefficient or nucleoli types except a transient drop in the nucleolar coefficient during the first week. In a second experiment, adult rats were exposed to 1 mW/cm² pulsed microwaves for 14 weeks and no significant changes were found in lymphocyte counts or nucleolar characteristics.

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY ON INTERACTION BETWEEN NEAR-ZONE EM FIELD OF CB-RADIO ANTENNA AND HUMAN BODY

Unknown authors

FURTHER STUDIES OF TESTIS CYTOLOGY IN MICE IRRADIATED WITH 2450-MHZ MICROWAVES

Unknown authors

Do Continuous Low-Level Millimeter Waves Alter Excimer Fluorescence in Natural and Model Membranes?

Shirley Motzkin, Julie Feinstein, Zhimeng Lu

MODIFICATION OF MICROWAVE BIOLOGICAL END-POINTS BY INCREASED RESTING METABOLIC HEAT LOAD IN RATS

Unknown authors

BIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OBSERVED UNDER MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

A. DEFICIS, J.C. DUMAS, S. LAURENS

THE EFFECT OF 9.31 GHZ PULSED MICROWAVE IRRADIATION ON THE LEVER PRESS BEHAVIOR OF OPERANTLY RESPONDING RHESUS MONKEYS

Unknown authors

Twelve rhesus macaques were trained to press a lever for apple juice while positioning their heads in front of a 9.311 GHz microwave horn. The microwave delivered a 0.5 μs pulse at an average power density of 150 mW/cm² at the monkey's head. Over 20 sessions of 15 minutes each, with 10 irradiation and 10 non-irradiation sessions, the combined mean lever press rate did not differ significantly. Individual monkeys showed significant differences in lever press rates between irradiation conditions. A transition experiment on 6 monkeys found no statistically significant effect on mean lever press rate when the radiation was switched on or off.

REVIEW OF WORK ACCOMPLISHED AT THE NEW ENGLAND INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH

A. A. Teixoira-Pinto, John I. Cutler, John H. Heller

KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF THE INDUCTION OF AN INCREASE IN COMPLEMENT RECEPTOR POSITIVE (CR+) MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS FOLLOWING A SINGLE EXPOSURE TO 2450 MHZ MICROWAVES

Unknown authors

Researchers exposed mice to 2450 MHz microwaves at 0.6 watts forward power with an absorbed dose of 12 to 15 mW/g and measured CR+ spleen cells on days 3 and 6. A minimum 15-minute exposure induced a significant increase by day 3 that peaked at day 6, and a maximal increase occurred after 45 minutes. The increase did not require mature T cells and only occurred in mice older than 6 to 8 weeks, indicating a maturation prerequisite. The effect was not mediated by LPS, and susceptibility mapped to the H-2k haplotype.

ELECTRONICS AND THE LIVING PLANT

L. George Lawrence

Comments on ANSI-C95 Document Research Needed for Establishing Electromagnetic Radiation Safety Standards

Sol M. Michaelson

Michaelson states that the 10 mW/cm² standard was proposed by Herman Schwan for the US Navy based on heat production calculations for a 70 kg man. He notes that USSR and East European limits are misrepresented as a single 10 μW/cm² value when higher levels are allowed for various exposure durations. Michaelson points out that the US Air Force found no increased cataract incidence in servicemen over 20 years.

CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF RATS TO 100-MHz (CW): ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Unknown authors

Researchers exposed 20 time-bred rats to 100-MHz RF at 500 W forward power (50 mW/cm²) starting on day 6 of pregnancy for 4 hours per day, 7 days per week. The mean specific absorption rate for rats was 2.8 mW/g. No differences were found in growth, neurological development, locomotor activity, hematology, immune function, or mutagenicity between exposed and sham-exposed rats. However, significant changes in regional brain acetylcholinesterase activities were observed in chronically exposed rats.

SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATES MEASURED IN RATS AND MICE EXPOSED TO 2450, 425 or 100 MHz RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION

Unknown authors

Researchers measured whole-body specific absorption rates in single mice and rats exposed to 2450 MHz, 425 MHz, or 100 MHz radiation using twin-well calorimetry. Exposures were performed in three orientations relative to the fields and for three animal weight ranges per species. The 2450 MHz exposures were conducted in an anechoic chamber in the far field, while 425 MHz and 100 MHz exposures used TEM transmission lines (Crawford cells). Measured SAR values were in reasonable agreement with the Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook values but tended to be greater by a factor of 2 and as high as a factor of 4.

THE DIFFERENTIATION (RETRANSFORMATION) OF NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS AS AN INDICATOR OF THE BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY OF PULSED MAGNETIC RADIATION. THE NON-THERMAL EFFECTS OF PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON TUMOR GROWTH AND IN VITRO MOUSE PALATAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROBLASTOMA DIFFERENTIATION.

Unknown authors

Researchers placed neuroblastoma cells in homogeneous time-varying magnetic fields at 2 gauss average using 4-inch air gap coils. The induced current wave forms at yA/cm² level were designed to excite only surface or surface-coupled transport processes. Significant differences in dendritic outgrowth and surface adhesion versus multiplication were detected as a function of the induced current wave forms. In mice with transplanted Lewis lung tumors, 27 MHz pulsed fields inhibited or accelerated tumor growth depending on timing and pulsed frequencies.

Tissue Temperature as a Consideration in the Development of Radiofrequency Exposure Standards

R. A. Tell, F. Harlen

The authors used dosimetric and thermoregulatory data to develop a rationale for thermally based RF exposure safety standards limiting both core and local tissue temperature rise to 1°C. They found that if local tissue temperature rise is limited to 1°C, the rectal temperature rise is automatically limited to 0.05°C. The permissible exposure levels are frequency dependent with a minimum of 1.6 mW/cm² in the body resonance region (30-300 MHz) and 10 mW/cm² for frequencies above 2 GHz. Data show these limits need not be modified for most heat stressing environmental conditions.

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE OF MICE EXPOSED TO CONTINUOUS OR PULSED WAVE 425-MHZ RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION

Unknown authors

Female BALB/c mice were exposed to continuous-wave or pulsed-wave 425-MHz radiation in a TEM transmission line for one hour per day over five consecutive days, with sham-exposed controls. Continuous-wave exposures used power densities of 39, 10, and 2.5 mW/cm², while pulsed-wave exposures used 9, 2.5, and 0.63 mW/cm² with a 1 msec pulse at 250 pulses per second. Mice exposed to pulsed-wave at 9.0 mW/cm² showed increased colonic temperature, but continuous-wave at 39 mW/cm² did not, and peripheral blood cell counts were unchanged. The primary immune response to sheep red blood cells, measured by plaque-forming cell and hemagglutination assays, did not differ between sham and exposed groups or between continuous-wave and pulsed-wave exposures.

ALTERATION OF REPEATED ACQUISITION IN RATS BY MICROWAVE RADIATION

Unknown authors

Researchers examined the acute effects of pulsed 2800 MHz microwave radiation on repeated acquisition learning in three rats. Rats were exposed for 30 minutes to five power densities (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mW/cm²) before test sessions.

INDUCTION OF CALCIUM ION EFFLUX FROM BRAIN TISSUE BY R.F. RADIATION: EFFECT OF SAMPLE NUMBER AND MODULATION FREQUENCY ON THE FIELD-STRENGTH WINDOW

Unknown authors