Anglesio L et al. · 2001
Radiofrequency field monitoring was carried out in Torino, Italy, to evaluate how electromagnetic field strength varies with height, location, and frequency. The study separated contributions from broadcasting antennas and mobile phone base stations. Theoretical evaluation added emissions from all base station installations in Torino and examined calculated field strength maps considering orography at different heights. Theoretical values were compared with measured values in the mobile telephony frequency range.
Moustafa YM, Moustafa RM, Belacy A, Abou-El-Ela SH, Ali FM. · 2001
Researchers investigated the effect of acute exposure to radiofrequency fields from commercially available cellular phones on oxidative stress parameters in 12 healthy adult male volunteers. Each volunteer placed the phone in his pocket in standby position with the keypad facing the body. The parameters measured were lipid peroxide and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase. Plasma lipid peroxide increased significantly after 1, 2, and 4 hours of exposure. SOD and GSH-Px activities in erythrocytes showed significant reduction, while catalase activity did not decrease significantly.
Tattersall JE et al. · 2001
Mausset A, de Seze R, Montpeyroux F, Privat A · 2001
Researchers injected rats with gamma-vinyl-GABA to increase GABA levels and then used immunohistochemistry and image analysis to measure cerebellar GABA content. They exposed rats to 900 MHz pulsed radiofrequency at 4 W/kg SAR and continuous waves at 32 W/kg SAR. Pulsed exposure selectively reduced the stained processes area in the Purkinje cell layer, while continuous exposure decreased optical density in all three cell layers. The authors noted that it is unknown whether these effects are partly due to local tissue heating.
Hanada E, Kodama K, Takano K, Watanabe Y, Nose Y. · 2001
Researchers measured electric field intensity from radio waves entering an 11-floor hospital that was under construction. The highest level recorded was about 200 V/m at 2.79 GHz, coming from airport surveillance radar. The maximum intensity from cellular phone base stations was 1.78 V/m. The researchers concluded that each hospital in urban areas should measure its own electromagnetic environment to help prevent interference with electronic medical equipment.
Finnie JW et al. · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of GSM radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in the mouse brain using an exposure system operating at 898.4 MHz. Mice were given a single whole-body exposure for 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg, while control mice were sham-exposed or permitted free movement in a cage. No significant difference in albumin extravasation was detected between any of the groups.
De Roos AJ et al. · 2001
Researchers examined parental occupational exposures to electromagnetic fields and radiation and the incidence of neuroblastoma in offspring. Cases were 538 children diagnosed with neuroblastoma between 1992 and 1994 in the United States or Canada, and age-matched controls were selected by random-digit dialing. Maternal exposure to a broad grouping of sources that produce radiofrequency radiation was associated with an increased incidence of neuroblastoma, with an odds ratio of 2.8 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.9 to 8.7. However, the broad groupings of sources that produce ELF fields, radiofrequency radiation, or ionizing radiation were not associated with neuroblastoma.
Cranfield CG, Wood AW, Anderson V, Menezes KG. · 2001
Researchers tested whether simulated GSM mobile phone signals at 915 MHz and 2 W kg(-1) influence calcium concentration or calcium signalling patterns in a human lymphocyte cell line. No significant changes were found in the regression slope of calcium fluorescence, mean calcium concentration, number of calcium spikes, or mean height of those spikes. A significant alteration in average frequency from Fourier spectra was found in one category only: pulsed wave exposure of activated cells.
Alhekail ZO. · 2001
Researchers surveyed microwave ovens used in households and restaurants in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. One oven leaked more than the 5 mW cm-2 limit, and fifteen others leaked 1 mW cm-2 or more, with the rest leaking less. The researchers concluded that a detrimental effect on health is an unlikely result of exposure to radiation from microwave ovens.
Sykes PJ, McCallum BD, Bangay MJ, Hooker AM, Morley AA. · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of pulsed 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 4 W/kg on somatic intrachromosomal recombination in the spleen of pKZ1 mice. Mice were exposed daily for 30 minutes to 900 MHz fields for 1, 5, or 25 days, and spleen sections were screened for DNA inversion events three days after the last exposure. There was no significant difference between control and treated groups in the 1- and 5-day exposure groups, but a significant reduction in inversions was found in the 25-day group.
Schilling CJ · 2000
The study investigated effects of exposure to very high frequency radiofrequency radiation on six antenna engineers in two separate incidents. The first incident occurred in 1995 and the second in 1996. Six men were likely accidentally exposed to high levels of VHF radiofrequency radiation at 100 MHz while working on transmission masts, with four men in one incident and two in another. They experienced symptoms and signs including headache, paresthesiae, diarrhea, malaise, and lassitude. The condition of four men, two from each incident likely to have had the highest exposure, showed no significant improvement.
Wagner P et al. · 2000
Researchers aimed to investigate human sleep EEG under pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields using polysomnographies with submaximal high power flux densities. They applied a submaximal power flux density of 50 W/m(2). All-night polysomnographies were recorded from 20 healthy male subjects with and without exposure to a circularly polarized EMF at 900 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz with 577 microsecond pulse duration. The results showed no significant effect of the field application on conventional sleep parameters or sleep EEG power spectra.
Reeves GI · 2000
Researchers reviewed medical records of 34 patients with confirmed RFR overexposure exceeding permitted limits to detect clinical or laboratory alterations correlated with power density or power density times exposure time. A sensation of warmth was positively associated with power density, while a negative correlation was observed between an abnormal tissue destruction screen and power density. Sophisticated neurological tests in 23 patients and extensive psychometric and psychological exams in 30 patients revealed no neurological or ophthalmologic findings attributable to RFR.
Morgan RW et al. · 2000
Researchers conducted a large cohort mortality study among 195,775 Motorola employees from 1976 to 1996, classifying workers into high, moderate, low, and background radiofrequency exposure groups. Standardized mortality ratios for radiofrequency-exposed workers were 0.53 for brain cancers and 0.54 for lymphomas and leukemias. Internal rate ratios were near 1.0 for brain cancers and below 1.0 for lymphomas and leukemias, with no increased risk seen with longer exposure duration or latency. The findings were consistent across different exposure classifications and did not support an association between occupational radiofrequency exposure and these cancers.
Maes A, Collier M, Verschaeve L · 2000
Researchers exposed human lymphocytes to 455.7 MHz microwaves from a car phone at a specific absorption rate of approximately 6.5 W/kg. No statistically significant difference was found between microwave-exposed and unexposed control samples for chromosome aberration or sister chromatid exchange frequency. When microwave exposure was followed by MMC treatment, some differences appeared between combined and MMC-only treatments, but results were inconsistent. Combined exposure with X-rays showed no indication of synergistic action between RF fields and X-rays. The authors concluded that the data do not support the hypothesis that RF fields act synergistically with chemical or physical mutagens.
Hietanen M, Sibakov V, Hallfors S, von Nandelstadh P · 2000
The research evaluated possibilities to use different types of mobile telephones in the hospital environment by testing disturbances in medical equipment caused by radiofrequency fields from the phones. The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health carried out the research with the Technical Research Centre of Finland, focusing on equipment at Maria Hospital in Helsinki.
Hietanen M, Kovala T, Hamalainen AM · 2000
Researchers analyzed EEG activity of 19 volunteers exposed to five different cellular phones operating at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. Each subject completed six 30-minute experiments including one sham exposure, with real exposure lasting 20 minutes. Exposure to one phone caused a statistically significant change in absolute delta power, but relative delta power did not change and no effects were seen with other phones. The authors concluded that the observed difference was likely due to chance and that radiofrequency fields from cellular phones have no abnormal effects on EEG activity.
Vijayalaxmi, Leal BZ, Szilagyi M, Prihoda TJ, Meltz ML · 2000
Human peripheral blood samples from three volunteers were exposed to pulsed-wave 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours. The exposure used a net forward power of 21 W with an average power density of 5 mW/cm2 and a mean specific absorption rate of 2.135 W/kg. DNA damage was measured using the alkaline comet assay immediately and 4 hours after exposure. No significant differences were found in comet tail length, fluorescence intensity, or tail moment between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes at either time point. The response of lymphocytes exposed to ionizing radiation was significantly different from RF-radiation- and sham-exposed cells.
Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hamalainen H · 2000
The influence of pulsed radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields of digital GSM mobile phones on working memory in healthy subjects were studied. Memory load was varied from 0 to 3 items in an n-back task, and each subject was tested twice with and without RF exposure at 902 MHz and 217 Hz. The RF field speeded up response times when the memory load was three items, but no effects were observed with lower loads. The results suggest that RF fields have a measurable effect on human cognitive performance and encourage further studies.
Grajewski B et al. · 2000
Researchers measured RF heater radiation exposures and induced foot currents at four companies. They compared 12 male heater operators with 34 unexposed men on 33 semen quality parameters and four serum hormones. Exposures did not exceed current standard levels and guidelines. Exposed operators showed a slightly higher mean follicle-stimulating hormone level (7.6 vs 5.8 mIU/mL). The authors suggested further occupational studies of RF-exposed men may be warranted.
Fry TL, Schlegel RE, Grant H · 2000
Researchers measured hearing aid interference across a range of CDMA phone power levels using a frequency analyzer and several hearing aids and phones. As phone power increased, interference rose proportionally in a linear region until the hearing aid saturated, after which further power increases reduced or did not change interference. The interference data were combined with a previous study to assess effects on speech intelligibility and annoyance. Power reduction substantially improved interference for hearing aids with poor radiofrequency immunity, while high-immunity aids maintained low interference even at high power.
Chiabrera A, Bianco B, Moggia E, Kaufman JJ, · 2000
The aim of the study was to observe Zeeman-Stark modeling of the RF EMF interaction with ligand binding. The model accounts for ion collision losses, endogenous forces, metabolic non-equilibrium, and thermal noise. The model predicts that ligand binding probability may be affected by low-intensity exogenous EMF when the receptor's potential energy well matches the radiofrequency photon energy. The authors state that the results point toward electromagnetic control of biochemical processes and the need for a new database of safety standards.
Romano-Spica V, Mucci N, Ursini CL, Ianni A, Bhat NK · 2000
Researchers analyzed gene expression in hemopoietic and testicular cell types after exposure to 50 MHz radiofrequency radiation modulated at 16 Hz. They observed overexpression of ets1 mRNA in Jurkat T-lymphoblastoid and Leydig TM3 cell lines only when the 16 Hz modulation was present. A putative candidate gene was also repressed after EMF exposure.
Nelson BK, Snyder DL, Shaw PB · 1999
The purpose was to determine if synergistic effects of radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol generalize to other chemicals. Rats received salicylic acid at 0, 250, or 350 mg/kg by gavage on gestation day 9 or 13. Rats given salicylic acid on day 9 were exposed to radiofrequency radiation sufficient to maintain colonic temperature at 41 degrees C for 60 minutes or received a sham exposure, while those given salicylic acid on day 13 also received 0 or 100 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol by gavage. Fetuses were examined for external malformations on gestation day 20.
Mineta M et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed Salmonella typhimurium tester strains to a 6.3 Tesla magnetic field with RF radiation for up to 60 minutes. They used TA98 and TA7001-7006 mixed strains to detect frameshift and point mutations. The rates of revertant mutation were not statistically significant in either strain.
