Gapeyev AB, Aripovsky AV, Kulagina TP. · 2014
Researchers studied whether extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) could modify fatty acid content and composition in the thymus of mice also exposed to X-rays. Mice were exposed to low-intensity pulse-modulated EHF EMR at 42.2 GHz and/or X-rays at a dose of 4 Gy, with measurements taken at several time points up to 40 days after exposure. X-irradiation alone significantly increased total fatty acid content in thymic tissue within 4 to 5 hours and decreased it at 10 and 30 days, while thymus weight remained significantly reduced on days 30 and 40. When EHF EMR was applied before or after X-irradiation, changes in total fatty acid content were prevented and thymus weight restoration was promoted by day 40.
Dasdag S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 12 months to study effects on microRNA in brain tissue. The study found that rno-miR107 was decreased in exposed rats, while rno-miR-9-5p, rno-miR-29a-3p, rno-miR-106b-5p, and rno-miR-125a-3p were not altered.
Dasdag S, Taş M, Akdag MZ, Yegin K. · 2014
The study used Wistar Albino adult male rats divided into a sham group and an exposure group, with rats in the exposure group exposed to 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation for 24 hours a day during 12 months. Sperm head defects increased in the exposed group, and weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubule diameter, and tunica albuginea thickness all decreased. Other measured parameters did not show statistically significant differences between the groups.
Choi SB, Kwon MK, Chung JW, Park JS, Chung K, Kim DW. · 2014
Two volunteer groups of 26 adults and 26 teenagers were simultaneously investigated by measuring physiological changes in heart rate, respiration rate, and heart rate variability for autonomic nervous system (ANS), eight subjective symptoms, and perception of RF-EMFs during sham and real exposure sessions. Short-term WCDMA RF-EMFs generated no significant changes in ANS, subjective symptoms, or the percentages of those who believed they were being exposed in either group.
Chen L, Qin F, Chen Y, Sun J, Tong J. · 2014
Canseven AG, Esmekaya MA, Kayhan H, Tuysuz MZ, Seyhan N. · 2014
Raji cells were exposed to microwave radiation at a specific absorption rate of 0.350 W/kg for 24 hours. Microwave exposure alone significantly increased apoptotic activity and significantly decreased cell viability, and combined exposure with Gemcitabine increased apoptotic cells further than microwave radiation alone.
Cam ST, Seyhan N, Kavaklı C, Celikbıçak O. · 2014
The study investigated whether pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation affects hydroxyproline content in rat skin, because skin is described as the first target of external electromagnetic fields. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to 900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation at an average whole-body SAR of 1.35 W/kg for 20 min/day for 3 weeks. Exposure caused a statistically significant increase in skin hydroxyproline level (p = 0.049), at a SAR below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection safety limit.
Boga A et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and nicotine sulfate exposure on the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frogs). With the exception of the 1800 MHz exposure, radiofrequency radiation alone was not associated with dramatic developmental anomalies. The combined effects of radiofrequency radiation and nicotine sulfate on the embryos were more severe than the effect of either exposure alone.
Alon L, Cho GY, Yang X, Sodickson DK, Deniz CM. · 2014
Researchers investigated MR temperature mapping and 10-g average specific absorption rate (SAR) computation for safety evaluation of RF-emitting devices. They tested an MRI-compatible dipole antenna and a non-MRI-compatible mobile phone, measuring temperature changes in phantoms and comparing results with physical probe measurements and electromagnetic field simulations. The researchers concluded that MR temperature mapping alongside physical property measurements can assess RF/microwave safety with high resolution and fidelity.
Ying Li and Paul Heroux · 2014
Researchers exposed five cancer cell lines to extra-low-frequency magnetic fields in the range of 0.025 to 5 µT and examined them for karyotype changes after 6 days. All cancer cell lines lost chromosomes from magnetic field exposure, with a mostly flat dose-response. The researchers suggest these karyotype contractions are caused by magnetic field interference with mitochondria's adenosine triphosphate synthase, compensated by the action of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Constant magnetic field exposures for three weeks allowed a rising return to baseline, unperturbed karyotypes, but small increases or decreases in field strength were again capable of inducing karyotype contractions.
van Nierop LE, Slottje P, van Zandvoort M, Kromhout H. · 2014
This double-blind randomized crossover study tested whether static magnetic fields alone, or combined with movement-induced time-varying magnetic fields, affected neurocognitive performance in 36 healthy volunteers. The exposure conditions consisted of 1.0 T static magnetic fields with or without 2.4 T/s time-varying magnetic fields induced by standardized head movements before each of the five neurocognitive tasks. Combined exposure significantly decreased verbal memory performance, changed visual acuity, and negatively affected attention and concentration with borderline significance, while static field exposure alone had no significant effects.
Spasić S, Kesić S, Stojadinović G, Petković B, Todorović D. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of a static magnetic field (SMF, 2 mT) and an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF, 50 Hz, 2 mT) on neuronal population activity in adult longhorn beetles Morimus funereus. The effects of prolonged and repeated ELF MF exposure on local field potentials were irreversible within the investigated time frame. The researchers did not prove with the methods used that exposure to the SMF for 5 min produces any effects on neuronal population activity.
Pelletier SJ et al. · 2014
Researchers tested various intensities of direct current electric fields (0, 25, 50, and 100V/m) on neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in a controlled laboratory setting. Neurons developed an elongated cell body shape with neurite outgrowth associated with a significant increase in growth associated protein-43. BV2 microglial cells showed distinct morphological changes with an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and these changes depended on whether the cells had already been activated with lipopolysaccharide. Astrocytes displayed elongated cell bodies with cellular filopodia that were oriented perpendicularly to the direct current electric field.
Gao X, Wang X, Chen F, Qi H, Wang X, Ming D, Zhou P. · 2014
Researchers conducted magnetic stimulation experiments at 1 Hz and 10 mT for 20 minutes and analyzed spontaneous EEG activity from 10 subjects. Compared with a sham exposure group, EEG power in the theta band (3.5-7.5 Hz) and lower-alpha band (7.5-10 Hz) increased significantly after magnetic stimulation. In an auditory oddball task, the latency period of P300 extended and its amplitude decreased.
Ben Yakir-Blumkin M, Loboda Y, Schächter L, Finberg JP. · 2014
Afrasiabi A et al. · 2014
Researchers prepared synaptosome suspensions from the cerebral cortex of sheep brain and exposed them to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs). The exposures tested frequencies from 50 Hz to 230 Hz, flux intensities from 0.1 mT to 1.7 mT, and durations between 15 and 120 min. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured by the Ellman method, and the data were analyzed using neural network based software, Inform 4.02, to predict activity patterns through nine 3D curves. AChE activity was found to decrease at field intensities of 1.2 mT to 1.7 mT and frequencies of 50 Hz to 90 Hz.
Zong C, Ji Y, He Q, Zhu S, Qin F, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2014
Researchers exposed adult mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 120 μW/cm2 power density for 4 hours per day for 7 days, then injected some mice with bleomycin. Radiofrequency exposure alone showed no indications of increased DNA or oxidative damage compared to mice treated with bleomycin alone. Mice exposed to radiofrequency fields and then given bleomycin showed significantly reduced DNA damage at each repair time point measured, as well as decreased MDA levels and increased SOD levels.
Türedi S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day on days 13 to 21 of pregnancy, then examined the hearts of male rat pups on postnatal day 21. The mean electrical field intensity inside the exposure box was 13.77 V/m. In the exposed group, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase values were significantly higher, while glutathione values were lower. Microscopy revealed irregularities in heart muscle fibers, apoptotic changes, mitochondrial swelling and crista loss, myofibril degeneration, and structural impairments in Z bands.
Shahin S, Mishra V, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. · 2014
Researchers exposed twelve-week-old male Swiss strain mice to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day for 30 days at a power density of 0.029812 mW/cm2 and SAR of 0.018 W/Kg. Microwave irradiation induced a significant decrease in sperm count and sperm viability, along with a decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Reduced testicular 3β HSD activity and plasma testosterone levels were also observed in the exposed mice. The researchers suggested that chronic exposure to nonionizing microwave radiation may lead to infertility via a free radical species-mediated pathway.
Sefidbakht Y et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed HEK293T cells carrying a firefly luciferase gene to 940 MHz RF-EMF at a mean specific absorption rate of approximately 0.09 W kg-1. The effects of exposure durations of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes on luciferase activity and oxidative response elements were investigated. Luciferase activity was reduced after 30 and 45 minutes of continuous exposure, while after 60 minutes the exposed cells showed higher luciferase activity compared with non-exposed controls. ROS generation was highest in the 30-minute exposed cells, followed by a sharp rise in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and elevation of glutathione during the 45-minute exposure.
Ozgur E et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed adult male guinea pigs to GSM-modulated radio frequency radiation at an average whole body SAR of 0.4 W/kg for 10 or 20 minutes daily for seven consecutive days. The study measured protein oxidation, advanced oxidation protein products, and superoxide dismutase activity in liver tissue, and also tested NAC and EGCG as potential protective treatments. SOD activity significantly decreased after radio frequency radiation exposure, but protein damage did not change. NAC treatment alone increased PCO levels, and EGCG treatment alone elevated AOPP levels.
Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Rajamani P, Verma HN, Kesari KK. · 2014
Researchers divided 70-day-old male Wistar rats into four groups: sham exposed, melatonin treated, microwave exposed, and microwave plus melatonin treated. Exposure took place in Plexiglas cages for 2 hours a day for 45 days at a power density of 0.21 mW/cm2 and a SAR of 0.14 W/Kg. Melatonin was associated with a significant increase in testicular LDH-X and decreased levels of MDA and ROS in the testes. The researchers concluded that melatonin has strong antioxidative potential against microwave-induced oxidative stress mediated DNA damage in testicular cells.
Manta AK, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri IS, Margaritis LH. · 2014
Researchers measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the bodies and ovaries of 4-day-old Drosophila melanogaster flies after exposing them to DECT base radiation at 1.88–1.90 GHz. Male and female bodies showed a twofold increase in ROS levels after 6 hours of exposure, with ROS levels returning to normal 24 hours after that exposure ended. Ovaries responded more quickly, reaching a 2.5-fold ROS increase after 1 hour of exposure, with levels returning to normal 4 hours after that exposure ended.
Liu K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) to 1800 MHz GSM signals at SAR values of 1, 2, or 4 w/kg for 24 hours. The expression of LC3-II increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner with RF exposure, and showed a significant change at the SAR value of 4 w/kg. RF exposure did not increase the percentage of apoptotic cells, but inhibition of autophagy could increase the percentage of apoptotic cells. The findings suggested that autophagy flux could be enhanced by 1800 MHz GSM exposure, mediated by ROS generation.
Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. · 2014
Researchers studied oxidative damage and the protective effect of garlic in rats exposed to low-level electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Groups II and III were exposed to low-level EMF at 3.68 ± 0.36 V/m at 2.45 GHz for 1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days, with Group III also receiving 500 mg/kg garlic daily. Exposure increased 8-OHdG levels in both plasma and brain tissue and increased AOPP levels only in plasma, while garlic prevented the increase of 8-OHdG in brain tissue and AOPP in plasma.
