Van Den Bossche M, Verloock L, Aerts S, Joseph W, Martens L. · 2014
The authors investigated smart boards and touchscreens, energy-saving bulbs, fluorescent lamps, a portable hearing unit, and an electrosurgical unit. For most of these sources, the electric field was the dominating quantity. Magnetic field strengths up to 1.8 A/m near the electrosurgical unit and 10.5 A/m near the portable hearing unit were measured. Compliance distances for the general public ranged from 15.3 cm for touchscreens to 25 cm for fluorescent lamps.
Valbonesi P, Franzellitti S, Bersani F, Contin A, Fabbri E. · 2014
Researchers exposed rat PC12 cells to 1.8 GHz continuous wave or GSM-modulated signals at a SAR of 2 W/kg for 4, 16, or 24 hours. HSP70 gene expression was measured by RT-PCR, while HSP70 protein and MAPK phosphorylation were measured by Western blotting. Only the GSM-217Hz signal increased HSP70 transcription after 16 or 24 hours of exposure. HSP70 protein levels and three MAPK signaling pathways were unchanged by any of the signals.
Urbinello D, Joseph W, Verloock L, Martens L, Röösli M. · 2014
Measurements of RF-EMF exposure in 11 frequency bands from FM to WLAN were performed in three European cities over one year. Highest exposure levels occurred in public transports with arithmetic means of 0.84 V/m in Brussels, 0.72 V/m in Ghent, and 0.59 V/m in Basel. Outdoor exposure increased by 57.1% in Basel (p<0.001), 20.1% in Ghent (p=0.053), and 38.2% in Brussels (p=0.012) over one year. Exposure increases were most consistent in outdoor areas due to mobile phone base stations. Levels remained far below regulatory limits.
Urbinello D et al. · 2014
Researchers performed measurements in Amsterdam, Basel, Ghent, and Brussels using a portable measurement device. Arithmetic mean values for mobile phone base station exposure ranged from 0.22 V/m in Basel to 0.41 V/m in Amsterdam across all outdoor areas. The 95th percentile for total RF-EMF exposure varied between 0.46 V/m in Basel and 0.82 V/m in Amsterdam, and the 99th percentile between 0.81 V/m in Basel and 1.20 V/m in Brussels. All measured exposure levels were far below the international reference levels proposed by ICNIRP. The study did not find indications that lowering the regulatory limit results in higher mobile phone base station exposure levels.
Urbinello D, Huss A, Beekhuizen J, Vermeulen R, Röösli M. · 2014
Researchers used portable exposure meters to evaluate sources of data variability and repeatability of daily measurements. Exposure from mobile phone base stations ranged from 0.30 to 0.53 V/m in downtown and business areas and from 0.09 to 0.41 V/m in residential areas. Analysis of variance showed measurements were highly reproducible across days, with measurement day explaining 0.6% of variance, measurement time 0.2%, while area type explained 30% and city 50%.
Tas M et al. · 2014
The study used 14 adult Wistar Albino rats divided into sham and exposure groups of seven each. Exposed rats received 900 MHz RF radiation from a GSM signal generator for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for one year. No differences were found in sperm motility or concentration between groups. Exposed rats had higher rates of morphologically normal sperm but lower tunica albuginea thickness and Johnsen testicular biopsy scores.
Taberski K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 16 male Djungarian hamsters to 900 MHz GSM-modulated RF-EMF at SAR levels of 0, 0.08, 0.4, and 4 W/kg for one week per condition. Only at the highest SAR level did fur temperature increase by about 0.5°C, food consumption decrease, and daytime carbon dioxide production and respiratory quotient decrease.
Sunohara T, Hirata A, Laakso I, Onishi T · 2014
Sannino A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from four healthy donors to 1950 MHz radiofrequency fields at 0.3 W/kg for 20 hours, then challenged them with 1.0 or 1.5 Gy X-irradiation. After 72 hours of culture, they measured micronuclei incidence and found a significant decrease in micronuclei in cells exposed to both radiofrequency fields and X-rays compared to X-rays alone. The results suggested a radiofrequency-induced adaptive response and resistance to subsequent X-ray damage, though variability between donors was observed.
Roivainen P, Eskelinen T, Jokela K, Juutilainen J · 2014
Researchers measured intermediate frequency and extremely low frequency magnetic fields at cashiers' seats in Finnish stores. At the cashier's seat, IF magnetic fields ranged from 0.2 to 4 µT and ELF magnetic fields ranged from 0.03 to 4.5 µT, both well below exposure limits. However, when cashiers walked through EAS gates, peak IF fields reached up to 189 µT, exceeding the ICNIRP occupational reference level of 141 µT.
Qin F et al. · 2014
Pawlak K, Sechman A, Nieckarz Z. · 2014
Ozgur E, Guler G, Kismali G, Seyhan N · 2014
Researchers exposed Hep G2 hepatocarcinoma cells to intermittent 900- and 1800-MHz radiofrequency radiation at a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours. Cell viability changed according to the frequency and duration of the exposure. Four-hour exposure produced more pronounced effects than shorter durations. 1800-MHz radiation had a larger impact on cell viability and injury than 900-MHz radiation. Morphological analysis showed irregular nuclei and DNA damage after 4 hours of 1800-MHz exposure.
Mugunthan N, Anbalagan J, Meenachi S, Samy AS. · 2014
Mice were exposed to 2G ultra-high frequency radiation for 48 minutes per day over 30 to 180 days, with sham controls. In the exposed group, kidney weight and volume were significantly reduced in the first month, while kidney weight alone was significantly increased in the fifth month. Microscopic examination revealed dilated glomerular capillaries, increased urinary space, wider tubular lumens with reduced cell size, brush border interruption, vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, and marked basal striations in distal tubules. The researchers concluded that chronic exposure to 2G cell phone radiation could cause microscopic changes in the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Margaritis LH et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed newly emerged flies daily for 3-7 days to various EMF sources including mobile phone, DECT, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and others. All EMF sources produced statistically significant effects on fecundity and apoptotic cell death, even at very low intensity levels such as 0.3 V/m from Bluetooth. The study found no linear cumulative effect when increasing exposure duration or combining sources, and discussed the role of average versus peak electric field values.
Li WH, Li YZ, Song DD, Wang XR, Liu M, Wu XD, Liu XH. · 2014
Researchers pretreated rat MMECs with CRT (25 pg/mL) for 12 hours then exposed them to 2.856 GHz radiation at 30 mW/cm2 for six minutes. Microwave radiation increased LDH leakage, apoptosis rate, and decreased cell viability in MMECs. Microwave radiation also induced ER stress characterized by increased GRP78 and CRT expression and upregulation of CHOP and Bax with downregulation of Bcl-2. Exogenous CRT pretreatment attenuated MR-induced apoptosis, LDH leakage, ER stress, and ER stress-related apoptotic signaling.
Le Quément C et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed human skin cell lines to 60.4 GHz millimeter waves at incident power densities ranging from 1 to 20 mW/cm(2). The expression of ER stress sensors BIP and ORP150 was examined by real-time RT-PCR. MMW radiation did not change basal levels of BIP or ORP150 mRNA across any cell line, exposure duration, or power density. At 20 mW/cm(2), MMW exposure inhibited thapsigargin-induced overexpression of BIP and ORP150. This inhibition was attributed to thermal effects from the MMW exposure.
Koyama S et al. · 2014
Researchers examined the effect of 2.45-GHz radiofrequency fields at SARs of 2 and 10 W/kg for 4 and 24 hours on neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis in differentiated human HL-60 cells. Neutrophil chemotaxis was not affected by radiofrequency field exposure, and phagocytosis was not affected either compared with sham exposure conditions. Exposure at an SAR under 10 W/kg showed very little or no effects on either chemotaxis or phagocytosis.
Koprivica M, Neskovic N, Neskovic A, Paunovic G. · 2014
Researchers carried out electromagnetic field strength measurements at 664 base station locations to determine the level of radio-frequency radiation generated by base stations. Locations were classified into three categories: indoor, masts, and locations with installations on buildings. The total electric field strength near base station antenna masts never exceeded 10 V m−1, which is below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference levels. At horizontal distances greater than 50 m from the mast bottom, the median and maximum values were below 1 and 2 V m−1, respectively.
Kahya MC, Nazıroğlu M, Ciğ B. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz radiation on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial depolarization in a breast cancer cell line. Cells were exposed to 900 MHz radiation for 1 hour at a SAR value of 0.36 ± 0.02 W/kg, and some groups were also incubated with sodium selenite before exposure.
Jirillo E et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 108 samples of human leukocytes from healthy donors to electromagnetic radiation at different intensities using a reverberation chamber. Exposure times ranged from 5 minutes to 24 hours, and sham-exposed blood samples from the same donors served as controls. In 68% of the 108 cases, an increase in leukocyte cell area was found along with morphological changes, while in 14% a decrease in cell area was observed. In 18% of cases, no effects dependent on the radiation were detected.
Hwang Y, Ahn J, Mun J, Bae S, Jeong YU, Vinokurov NA, Kim P. · 2014
Researchers irradiated the ear skin of a live anesthetized mouse with pulsed THz waves and monitored the response at the cellular level using intravital laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The pulsed THz wave used was 2.7 THz with a 4 μs pulsewidth, 61.4 μJ per pulse, at a 3 Hz repetition rate, applied at an average power of 260 mW/cm2 for 30 minutes. No temperature change was detected at the skin surface, while a massive recruitment of newly infiltrated neutrophils was observed in the irradiated area after 6 hours.
Hinrikus H, Lass J, Karai D, Pilt K, Bachmann M. · 2014
Researchers tested whether microwave radiation could affect how a salt solution diffuses through water at constant temperature. The setup used two reservoirs, one filled with pure water and one with 0.9% NaCl solution, connected by a thin tube, with a 450 MHz continuous-wave microwave field applied at a maximal specific absorption rate of 0.4 W/kg on the connecting tube. Microwave exposure made the diffusion process faster, with the time required for a 10% reduction in initial resistance of the solution being 1.7 times shorter with microwave exposure.
Habauzit D et al. · 2014
Researchers used a whole gene expression approach to assess the effect of acute 60 GHz exposure on primary cultures of human keratinocytes. Exposure led to an increase of temperature and a strong modification of keratinocyte gene expression, with 665 genes differentially expressed. When temperature was artificially kept constant, no modification in gene expression was observed after millimeter wave exposure. A heat shock control did not mimic exactly the millimeter wave effect, suggesting a slight but specific electromagnetic effect under hyperthermia conditions, with 34 genes differentially expressed.
Gryz K, Karpowicz J, Leszko W, Zradziński P. · 2014
Researchers measured electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation exposure in 45 buildings in urban and rural areas across various regions of Poland. The main sources of exposure identified were mobile phone base transceiver stations and radio-television transmitters. Exposure of workers and the general public in locations comparable to offices was found to be well below international limits.
