Lahijani MS, Bigdeli MR, Kalantary S. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on the brain histopathology and structures of preincubated white leghorn chicken embryos. Three hundred fertilized eggs were divided into experimental, control, and sham groups, with the experimental eggs exposed to three different field intensities of 1.33, 2.66, and 7.32 mT for 24 hours before incubation. The results suggested that the electromagnetic fields induce brain damages at different levels.
He LH, Shi HM, Liu TT, Xu YC, Ye KP, Wang S. · 2011
Researchers exposed adult rats daily to a 50-Hz extremely low frequency magnetic field set to 2 mT, dividing them into a control group, a 1-hour exposure group, and a 4-hour exposure group. After 4 weeks of daily exposure, anxiety-related behaviors were assessed in the open field test and the elevated plus maze, and spatial learning and memory were assessed in the Morris water maze. Rats in the 4-hour group showed increased anxiety-like behaviors, reduced latency to find a hidden platform, and improved long-term memory of the platform's former location, without changes in short-term memory or locomotor activity.
Frilot C 2nd, Carrubba S, Marino AA. · 2011
Researchers exposed rats to a 2.5-G, 60-Hz magnetic field and used positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose to identify brain regions where glucose uptake changed. Increased glucose utilization occurred in hindbrain voxels when the field was applied orthogonally to the sagittal plane, but not when the angle between the field and the sagittal plane varied randomly. Distinct activation effects were observed in response to transient and steady-state magnetic stimuli.
Corbacio M et al. · 2011
Ciejka E, Kleniewska P, Skibska B, Goraca A. · 2011
The study aimed to assess the effect of extremely low frequency magnetic field parameters on reactive oxygen species generation in brain tissue of experimental animals depending on the time of exposure. Exposure at 30 min/day for 10 days caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and an insignificant increase in hydrogen peroxide and free sulphydryl groups. Exposure at 60 min/day caused a significant increase in free sulphydryl groups and protein concentration, which the researchers described as indicating an adaptive mechanism.
Chu LY et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated whether extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) induces lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species in mouse cerebellum. After exposure to 60 Hz ELF-MF at 2.3 mT intensity for 3 hours, malondialdehyde and hydroxyl radical levels increased significantly. The researchers concluded that ELF-MF may induce oxidative stress in mouse cerebellum, though the mechanism remains to be characterized.
Calabrò E, Condello S, Magazù S, Ientile, R. · 2011
Volkow ND et al. · 2011
Researchers used positron emission tomography to measure brain glucose metabolism in 47 healthy participants, once with the right cell phone activated for 50 minutes and once with both cell phones deactivated. Whole-brain metabolism did not differ between the on and off conditions, but metabolism in the region closest to the antenna was significantly higher in the on condition than the off condition. The researchers noted that this finding is of unknown clinical significance.
Sirav B, Seyhan N · 2011
Researchers exposed male and female Wistar albino rats to 0.9 and 1.8 GHz continuous-wave radiofrequency radiation for 20 minutes to investigate effects on blood-brain barrier permeability. A significant increase in albumin was found in the brains of the RF-exposed male rats when compared to sham-exposed male brains. In female rats, no albumin extravasation was found in the brain after RFR exposure. The researchers noted that these results suggest that exposure at levels below the international limits can affect vascular permeability in the brain of male rats.
Partsvania B, Sulaberidze T, Shoshiashvili L, Modebadze Z · 2011
Researchers exposed single neurons of a mollusk to electromagnetic fields using a Transverse Electromagnetic Cell to study effects on neuron excitability and memory processes. The specific absorption rate deposited into the single neuron was calculated to be 0.63 W/kg with a temperature increment of 0.1°C. After acute exposure, the average firing threshold of action potentials was not changed, but the average latent period was significantly decreased. The researchers noted that the observed alterations were transient and that only the latent period remained at the changed level.
Papageorgiou CC et al. · 2011
Fifteen male and fifteen female subjects, matched for age and education level, were investigated while performing a modified version of the Hayling Sentence Completion test adjusted to induce working memory. ERPs were recorded at 30 scalp electrodes, both without and with exposure to a Wi-Fi signal. Male subjects showed decreased P300 amplitudes compared to female subjects, but only in the presence of Wi-Fi EMF. The researchers concluded that Wi-Fi exposure may exert gender-related alterations on neural activity associated with attentional resources during a linguistic working-memory test.
Ntzouni MP, Stamatakis A, Stylianopoulou F, Margaritis LH. · 2011
Researchers studied the effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on a non-spatial memory task called the Object Recognition Task in mice. Three groups of mice were tested under three different radiation exposure protocols, with a SAR value of 0.22 W/kg. Results revealed a major effect on the "chronic exposure-I" protocol, suggesting a possible severe interaction of EMF with the consolidation phase of recognition memory processes.
Noor NA, Mohammed HS, Ahmed NA, Radwan NM · 2011
Masuda H et al. · 2011
The study aimed to detect reproducible responses to local radiofrequency exposure in the parietal cortex of anesthetized rats and to determine their dependence on exposure intensity. The target cortex tissue was locally exposed to 2-GHz RF using a figure-eight loop antenna at averaged specific absorption rates of 10.5, 40.3, 130, and 263 W/kg. All measured parameters except calf hypodermis temperature increased significantly in exposed animals compared with sham-exposed ones during 18-min exposures. The local cerebral blood flow elevation seemed to be driven by the rise in target temperature, but not by rectal temperature, in the early part of RF exposure or at low-intensity RF exposure.
Lowden A et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of a double-blind radiofrequency exposure on sleepiness and EEG measures during sleep. Forty-eight subjects with a mean age of 28 years underwent three hours of controlled exposure prior to sleep, followed by a full-night polysomnographic recording in a sleep laboratory. Following exposure, slow-wave sleep decreased by 9.5 minutes and the latency to Stage 3 sleep was prolonged by 4.8 minutes compared to sham. No differences were found between subjects who had previously reported mobile phone-related symptoms and those who had not.
Liu ML, Wen JQ, Fan YB. · 2011
Researchers investigated whether green tea polyphenols could protect cultured rat cortical neurons from injury caused by 1800 MHz electromagnetic field exposure from a mobile phone. Mobile phone irradiation for 24 hours induced marked neuronal cell death, as measured by MTT and TUNEL assays. Green tea polyphenols significantly inhibited the radiation-induced increases in active Bax, while total Bax levels showed no marked changes.
Leung S et al. · 2011
This study examined sensory and cognitive processing in adolescents, young adults and older adults when exposed to 2G and 3G mobile phone signals. Forty-one 13–15 year olds, forty-two 19–40 year olds and twenty 55–70 year olds were tested using a double-blind cross-over design, where each participant received Sham, 2G and 3G exposures, separated by at least 4 days. On a memory task, adolescents performed less accurately during 3G exposure compared to Sham, and delayed brainwave responses were found in both 2G and 3G conditions across all age groups.
Kwon MS et al. · 2011
Researchers used positron emission tomography with an 18F-deoxyglucose tracer to investigate the effects of mobile phone radiation on cerebral glucose metabolism in humans. Thirteen young right-handed male subjects were exposed to a pulse-modulated 902.4 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications signal for 33 minutes while performing a simple visual vigilance task. The relative cerebral metabolic rate of glucose was significantly reduced in the temporoparietal junction and anterior temporal lobe of the right hemisphere, on the same side as the exposure. The exposure did not affect task performance, measured by reaction time and error rate.
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. · 2011
Researchers exposed 35-day old Wistar rats to a mobile phone for 2 hours per day for 45 days at a specific absorption rate of 0.9 W/Kg. Animals were divided into a sham exposed group and an exposed group, each with 6 animals. The exposed group showed a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and a significant increase in reactive oxygen species. The researchers concluded that these findings on biomarkers are clear indications of possible health implications.
Dragicevic N et al. · 2011
Researchers evaluated brain mitochondrial function in aged Alzheimer's transgenic mice and normal littermates following one month of daily EMF exposure. In the transgenic mice, EMF treatment enhanced brain mitochondrial function by 50-150% across six established measures, with the greatest effects in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. EMF treatment also increased brain mitochondrial function in normal aged mice, though the enhancement was not as robust or widespread as in the transgenic mice. The researchers suggested that brain mitochondrial enhancement may be a primary mechanism through which EMF treatment provides cognitive benefit to both transgenic and normal mice.
Carballo-Quintás M et al. · 2011
Researchers studied the effects of acute 900 MHz GSM radiation exposure on neurotoxic biomarkers c-fos and GFAP in rats also treated with picrotoxin, a seizure-promoting agent. Seventy-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent immunochemical testing to measure c-fos induction after 90 minutes and 24 hours, and GFAP 72 hours after acute exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field. The results indicated that c-fos and glial markers were triggered by the combined stress of non-thermal irradiation and the toxic effect of picrotoxin on brain tissue.
Trosić I et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation with GSM modulation at a whole-body average SAR of 0.6 W/kg for one hour per day, seven days per week over two weeks. A comet assay was used to assess DNA damage, measuring tail length and tail intensity. Tail length notably differed in liver and kidney homogenates of exposed animals compared to sham controls, and the tail was slightly elongated in irradiated animals' brain cells. The results suggest that repeated 915 MHz irradiation could be a cause of DNA breaks in renal and liver cells, but did not affect the cell genome at a higher extent compared to basal damage.
Unknown authors · 2010
Rats were pre-exposed two times to a 14 T static magnetic field for 30 min on two consecutive days and on the third day given access to a novel 0.125% saccharin prior to a third 30-min exposure. Pre-exposed rats showed less locomotor circling and an attenuated conditioned taste aversion compared to sham-exposed rats. Rearing was suppressed in all magnet-exposed groups regardless of pre-exposure, suggesting that the suppression of rearing is more sensitive than other behavioral responses to magnet exposure.
Unknown authors · 2010
Unknown authors · 2010
The review updated an earlier systematic review by adding 15 new experiments to the original 31 blind provocation studies. In total, 46 blind or double-blind provocation studies involving 1175 IEI-EMF volunteers tested whether electromagnetic field exposure triggers symptoms. No robust evidence supported that electromagnetic fields trigger symptoms, but the studies supported the role of the nocebo effect in triggering acute symptoms.
