Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. · 2011
The study included 4156 young adults aged 20-24 who completed questionnaires at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Mobile phone exposure variables included frequency of use and qualitative aspects such as demands on availability, perceived stressfulness of accessibility, being awakened at night, and personal overuse. Cross-sectionally, high mobile phone use was linked to stress, sleep disturbances, and depression symptoms in both sexes; prospectively, high use predicted sleep disturbances and depression symptoms in men and depression symptoms in women, while overuse predicted stress and sleep disturbances in women and high accessibility stress predicted stress, sleep disturbances, and depression symptoms in both sexes.
Mortazavi SM et al. · 2011
Participants were exposed to microwave radiation from a mobile phone for 10 minutes in a real or sham condition and asked if they could sense the exposure. Heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure were monitored during exposure, and no statistically significant differences were found between real and sham conditions. The authors concluded that the findings confirm other provocative studies and suggest a possible role of psychological factors in electromagnetic hypersensitivity.
Levis AG et al. · 2011
Keshvari J, Heikkilä T. · 2011
Researchers investigated SAR differences in child and adult head models using CAD models of commercial mobile phones as exposure sources. The main finding was that SAR distribution depends highly on antenna structure and phone model, making the exposure source type the key parameter. No systematic differences between child and adult heads were found from a volume-averaged SAR perspective. SAR values from generic source models could not be extrapolated to real device exposures.
Buchner K, Eger H. · 2011
Researchers followed 60 participants for one and a half years after a new GSM base station was installed in Rimbach, Bavaria. Adrenaline and noradrenaline levels increased significantly during the first six months, while dopamine levels decreased substantially. Phenylethylamine levels dropped significantly over the study period, and initial neurotransmitter levels were not restored after one and a half years. The effects showed a dose-response relationship and occurred well below current limits for technical RF radiation exposures.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus using c-Fos protein expression as a marker of cellular activation. Rats were exposed once or repeatedly (ten times in two weeks) to 2.45 GHz radiation at power intensities of 3 and 12 W in a GTEM cell, with SAR determined by Finite Difference Time Domain calculation. High SAR increased c-Fos expression at 90 minutes and 24 hours post-exposure, low SAR increased c-Fos counts at 24 hours, and repeated 3 W exposure increased PVN activation by more than 100% compared to acute exposure and non-radiated controls.
Hareuveny R, Eliyahu I, Luria R, Meiran N, Margaliot M. · 2011
Researchers tested 29 right-handed men with phones on both sides of the head during a spatial working memory task. External antennas were used to prevent RF radiation from the phones' internal antennas. Despite drastically reduced RF exposure, results were similar to earlier studies where phones emitted RF radiation. The authors conclude that some effects previously linked to RF radiation may come from other factors.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. · 2011
Researchers pooled two case-control studies of living patients and one case-control study of deceased patients with malignant brain tumours diagnosed from 1997 to 2003. They interviewed cases, controls, and relatives of deceased subjects using a structured questionnaire. Replies were obtained for 1,251 cases and 2,438 controls. The risk of glioma increased with latency period and cumulative hours of mobile and cordless phone use. For astrocytoma, the most common glioma, the odds ratio was 2.7 for mobile phone use with more than ten years latency and 4.9 for first mobile phone use before age 20.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K, Eriksson M. · 2011
Gasmelseed A. · 2011
They used a plane multilayered method at wireless frequencies of 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz. The study calculated specific absorption rate in three different eye models. Results confirmed a complex relationship between absorption and structural variations of the eye at these frequencies.
Deltour I et al. · 2011
Researchers analyzed the three-dimensional SAR distribution in phantom models to detect clusters of phones, summarizing each phone by a half-ellipsoid above half the maximum SAR and using Partitioning Around Medoids with ellipsoid overlap and Manhattan distance. Weak clustering was found for handset shape (bar phone, flip with top and flip with central antennas) but only in specific positions (tilt or cheek) within the 800 MHz band and partly in 900 and 1800 MHz bands. On 120 phones, the three-dimensional SAR distribution did not appear related to external phone characteristics or measurement characteristics that could refine exposure assessment in epidemiological studies such as Interphone.
Aydin D et al. · 2011
Researchers performed simulations using real data from the CEFALO case–control study to assess how recall errors and selection bias affect odds ratios for mobile phone use and brain tumor risk in children and adolescents. In a validation study, cases overestimated their number of calls by 9% on average and controls by 34%, while cases overestimated call duration by 52% and controls by 163%. Participation rates were 83% for cases and 71% for controls, and the combined impact of recall error and selection bias on estimated odds ratios was complex across various scenarios.
Chaturvedi CM et al. · 2011
Maaroufi K et al. · 2011
Researchers examined the relationship between iron status, EMF exposure, and brain oxidative stress in young adult rats. They exposed rats to iron overload, 150 kHz EMF, or both, and measured lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum. Iron overload alone stimulated antioxidant defenses in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex but did not cause oxidative stress. EMF exposure alone increased lipid peroxidation mainly in the cerebellum without affecting antioxidant defenses. Combined exposure further increased lipid peroxidation compared to EMF alone and abolished the antioxidant defense increase from iron overload alone.
Panda NK, Modi R, Munjal S, Virk RS. · 2011
The study included one hundred twenty-five long-term mobile phone users (63 GSM and 62 CDMA) and 58 controls who never used mobile phones. Participants underwent audiological tests including pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, DPOAE, ABR, and MLR. GSM and CDMA users had a significantly higher risk of absent DPOAE compared with controls (P < .05). They also had higher speech frequency thresholds and lower MLR wave and Na and Pa amplitudes. More than 3 years of mobile phone use emerged as a risk factor (P < .05), and the damage was bilateral with the same quantum for both GSM and CDMA.
Kaprana AE et al. · 2011
Thirty healthy rabbits were exposed to GSM-900 radiation for 60 minutes while auditory brainstem responses were recorded at regular intervals. The mean absolute latency of waves III–V showed a statistically significant delay after 60, 45, and 15 minutes of exposure, respectively. Interwave latencies I–V and III–V were significantly delayed after 30 minutes of radiation. No significant delay was found in the ear contralateral to the radiation source at 60 minutes. ABR measurements returned to baseline 24 hours after exposure.
Prochnow N et al. · 2011
Researchers applied UMTS radio-frequency signals to male Wistar rats at whole-brain SAR levels of 0, 2, and 10 W/kg for 120 minutes. They measured stress hormones corticosterone and ACTH and recorded hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Cage exposure increased corticosterone and ACTH levels and was associated with generally decreased LTP and LTD. At 2 W/kg the rats showed no difference from sham in LTP and LTD, while at 10 W/kg a significant reduction in both was observed.
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed three human brain cell lines and primary cortical neurons to the EDGE signal at 1800 MHz. Four exposure conditions were tested: 2 and 10 W/kg for 1 and 24 hours. Reactive oxygen species production was measured by flow cytometry using the DCFH-DA probe. All cells tested responded to rotenone treatment by increasing ROS production. The EDGE signal did not induce oxidative stress under any test condition, including at 10 W/kg.
Amara S et al. · 2011
Researchers studied the effects of co-exposure to a static magnetic field (SMF) and cadmium on antioxidant enzyme activity and DNA integrity in rat brain. Cadmium exposure alone reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, including GPx, CAT, and SOD, in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, and increased markers of oxidative damage. When SMF (128 mT, 1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days) was combined with cadmium, SOD activity and glutathione levels in the frontal cortex fell further compared with the cadmium-only group, and MDA concentration also increased further. SMF exposure did not alter DNA oxidation levels in cadmium-exposed rats.
Chen YB, Li J, Liu JY, Zeng LH, Wan Y, Li YR, Ren D, Guo GZ. · 2011
Researchers exposed male BALB/c mice to electromagnetic pulses at a peak intensity of 400 kV/m for a total of 200 pulses, then measured associative learning, oxidative stress in the brain, and serum chemistry. Associative learning was reduced significantly at 12 hours and 1 day after exposure compared with sham control, but recovered at 2 days post exposure. Lipid peroxidation and chemiluminescence intensity in brain tissue increased significantly, while activity of antioxidant enzymes decreased significantly, at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 1 d post EMP exposure, with all parameters recovering at 2 days. Pretreatment with TMG showed protective effects against EMP exposure.
McCarty DE et al. · 2011
Osera C et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of an electromagnetic wave at 2 mT and 75 Hz on human neuroblastoma cells overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP). After prolonged electromagnetic treatment, lower mitochondrial activity and proliferation rate were observed, resulting in higher cellular quiescence. The treatment was also associated with an overall increase of HSP70 and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), and with increased expression of the enzyme ADAM10 and enhanced release of the neurotrophic factor sAPPα. The researchers suggested a possible use of this physical stimulation to improve the functional capability of cells to face noxae.
Ghodbane S et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed male adult rats to a static magnetic field (128 mT, 1 hour per day for 5 days) and examined antioxidant enzymes and selenium levels in liver, kidney, muscle, and brain. Static magnetic field exposure decreased selenium levels in kidney, muscle, and brain, and decreased GPx activity in kidney and muscle. In the liver, static magnetic field exposure increased total GSH levels and total SOD activities, while glutathione reductase activity was unaffected. Selenium supplementation restored selenium levels and GPx activity in kidney and muscle, but did not bring down the elevated GSH and SOD levels in liver.
van Nierop LE et al. · 2011
Researchers tested whether movement-induced time-varying magnetic fields within the static magnetic stray field of a 7 Tesla MRI scanner affected neurocognition. Using a double-blind randomised crossover design, 31 healthy volunteers were tested in a sham (0 T), low (0.5 T) and high (1.0 T) exposure condition, with standardised head movements made before every neurocognitive task to induce time-varying magnetic fields. Of six tested neurocognitive domains, attention and concentration were negatively affected, and visuospatial orientation was also affected after exposure.
Shin EJ, Nguyen XK, Nguyen TT, Pham DT, Kim HC. · 2011
Researchers examined whether repeated extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure induces fos-related antigen immunoreactivity in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of mice. Exposure at 0.3 or 2.4 mT for 1 hour per day over fourteen consecutive days significantly induced hyperlocomotor activity and fos-related antigen immunoreactivity in a field intensity-dependent manner. The fos-related antigen immunoreactivity lasted for at least 1 year, while locomotor activity returned near control level 3 months after the final exposure.
