Philippova TM, Novoselov VI, Alekseev SI · 1994
Researchers studied the effects of continuous wave and pulse-modulated 900 MHz microwave fields on rat chemoreceptors using in vitro assays. Binding of H3-glutamic acid to hippocampal cells was unchanged after 15 minutes of continuous wave exposure at 1 W/kg, while binding of H3-dihydroalprenolol to neonatal liver-cell membranes decreased fivefold under the same conditions. The decrease was due to shedding of receptor elements into solution and correlated with oxygen concentration in the suspension.
Phelan AM, Neubauer CF, Timm R, Neirenberg J, Lange DG · 1994
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz and 80 mW/cm² for 30 minutes daily over four days, raising rectal temperature by 2.2°C. A separate group received radiant heat producing the same temperature rise. Microwave exposure reduced Mg(++)-ATPase activity by 48.5% and increased Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity by 170%, while radiant heat caused no significant changes in either enzyme. Microwave exposure also decreased the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, whereas radiant heat increased it. Membrane fluidity measured by EPR differed among sham, microwave, and radiant heat groups, reflecting the fatty acid changes.
R. Goodman et al. · 1994
The study examined how low-frequency electromagnetic fields affect levels of hsp70 transcripts in cells. In yeast cells, the SSA1 gene, which is homologous to hsp70, was found to be elevated when cells were exposed to electromagnetic fields at 0.8 to 80 μT. The researchers noted that the pattern of gene induction appeared to be related to the stress response model for heat shock.
Phelan AM, Lange DG, Kues HA, Lutty GA · 1992
Researchers exposed B16 melanoma cells to 2.45-GHz pulsed microwaves at 10 mW/cm² for 1 hour and measured membrane ordering using electron paramagnetic resonance. The exposure shifted the cell membrane from a more fluid-like phase to a more solid, ordered state. Similar membrane ordering occurred in melanin-reconstituted liposomes, but not in amelanotic cells or liposomes without melanin. Superoxide dismutase inhibited the microwave-induced ordering, implicating oxygen radicals as a cause.
Percival D. McCormack, Charles E. Swenberg · 1985
R.P. Liburdy, A. Penn · 1984
Researchers exposed rabbit erythrocytes to 2450 MHz continuous-wave microwaves at 60 mW/g and used sham exposures with the waveguide unenergized. Sodium-22 influx increased by 75-100% only at the membrane phase transition temperature of 17.7-19.5 °C. The permeability increase was amplified at intracellular oxygen tension (0-5 mm Hg) and at hyperoxic conditions (760 mm Hg), but was least pronounced at arterial and atmospheric oxygen tension. Microwave exposure at the phase transition temperature caused shedding of at least 11 proteins under 28,000 D, including two unique bands at 26,000 and 24,000 D. Approximately 450 fg of protein were estimated to be released per erythrocyte.
C. F. Blackman et al. · 1980
Researchers exposed brain tissue from chicks to 147-MHz radiation amplitude modulated at 16 Hz or 9 Hz for 20 minutes. Control exposures to unmodulated carrier at 0.83 nW/cm² and to zero field-strength produced no significant differences between exposed and sham groups. Temperature control experiments showed efflux was 9% lower at 32°C and 15% higher at 41°C compared to 37°C.
R. B. Olcerst et al. · 1980
Without radiation, both ions showed four linear regions in Arrhenius plots with transitions at 8-13°C, 22.5°C, and 36°C. Microwave exposure increased efflux only at these transition temperatures, and at 22.5°C the efflux was significantly greater than a thermal prediction at all three absorption rates but did not rise monotonically with power.
A. W. J. DAWKINS et al. · 1979
Researchers modeled a hydrated macromolecule as a spherical core with a bound water shell and calculated microwave power absorption from 100 MHz to 100 GHz. Bound water absorbed at least five times more energy per unit volume than free water, with peak difference at the bound water relaxation frequency. Because bound water is strongly coupled to macromolecules, this enhanced absorption could be a significant factor in explaining biological effects of microwaves at a molecular level.
J. Monahan · 1978
S. M. Bawin, A. Sheppard, W. R. Adey · 1978
S. M. Bawin, W. R. Adey, I. M. Sabbot · 1978
M.G.Shandala et al. · 1977
André-Jean BERTEAUD, Michèle DARDALHON · 1977
Tikhonchuk VS · 1977
James H. Merritt, Richard H. Hartzell, James W. Frazer · 1976
Albert, E.N., DeSantis, M. · 1976
Adult Chinese hamsters were exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves at 10 and 25 mw/cm² for 14 hours per day over 20 days. At 10 mw/cm² some experimental animals had fewer dendritic spines, axonal swelling, axonal beading, hyperchromatic neurons, and cytoplasmic swelling of neurons, with no gliosis, hemorrhage, or pyknosis. The investigators considered the observed morphological changes probably reversible, although no recovery studies were performed. At 25 mw/cm² similar histological alterations occurred, with some evidence of quantitatively greater effects, and animals were more irritable during the first 7-14 days but appeared to become acclimatized.
Unknown authors · 1976
Researchers used whole brain homogenate from unsexed adult Sprague-Dawley rats. For atropine, the bound-to-free ratio fell from near 2 in controls to near 1 in irradiated samples. For acetylcholine, irradiated samples showed a tendency toward lower ratios, but insufficient data prevented a significance test.
Peter Atkins · 1976
Yu. G. Shaposhnikov, I. F. Yares'ko, Yu. V. Vernigora · 1975
J.J. Weiter, E.D. Finch, W. Schultz, V. Frattali · 1975
N.A.G. AHMED, J.H. CALDERWOOD, H. FRÖHLICH, C.W. SMITH · 1975
The team measured the magnetic susceptibility of lysozyme solutions while varying the applied magnetic field. At 600 gauss, a 0.011% weight solution showed an increment in diamagnetic susceptibility of order 1.5 × 10^-10, which per molecule was 10^4 times larger than expected for ordinary diamagnetic material. The increase in susceptibility disappeared above a critical field of about 800 gauss. A 0.1% solution showed only slightly higher susceptibility than the 0.011% solution, and humid enzyme powder showed maximum effect at about 50% water content.
B. C. GOODWIN, SILVIA VIERU · 1975
Mizushima, Y., Joseph, R., Sikyta, B. · 1975
Mickey GH, Heller JH, Snyder E · 1975
