Ziemann C et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed male and female B6C3F1 mice to GSM 902 MHz and DCS 1747 MHz signals for two years. The exposure regimen was 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, at whole-body averaged SARs of 0.4, 1.3, and 4.0 W/kg. Micronuclei were counted in peripheral blood erythrocytes stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa or acridine orange. No significant differences in micronuclei frequency were observed between RF-exposed, sham-exposed, and cage control mice. Positive control mice injected with mitomycin C had significantly increased micronuclei, and the authors concluded that the data did not indicate RF-induced genotoxicity after two years.
De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ. · 2009
Researchers exposed human sperm to cell phone radiation at 1.8 GHz frequencies. Higher radiation levels reduced sperm movement and survival while increasing DNA damage and harmful molecules. The findings suggest that heavy mobile phone use could potentially affect male fertility and future children's health.
Hruby R, Neubauer G, Kuster N, Frauscher M · 2008
The study aimed to detect whether long-term exposure to 902-MHz GSM-type wireless communication signals would affect DMBA-induced mammary tumours in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Five hundred female rats were each given a single oral dose of 17 mg DMBA per kg body weight at an age of 46-48 days.
Mathur R · 2008
Researchers exposed growing rats to AM radio frequency fields (similar to some communication systems) for 2 hours daily over 45 days and tested their pain responses. The exposed rats showed altered pain processing - they became more emotionally reactive to short-term pain but less sensitive to long-term pain. This suggests that chronic RF exposure during development can rewire how the nervous system processes different types of pain signals.
Mathur R. · 2008
Researchers exposed growing rats to a radiofrequency field (73.5 MHz amplitude modulated, 16 Hz, SAR = 0.4 w/kg) for 45 days at 2 hours per day and recorded their responses to several types of noxious stimuli. The tonic pain rating was also decreased (p < 0.01), which the researchers said indicates analgesia in response to tonic pain. The data suggest that amplitude modulated RF field differentially affects the mechanisms involved in the processing of various noxious stimuli.
Sommer AM, Bitz AK, Streckert J, Hansen VW, Lerchl A · 2007
Saran A et al. · 2007
Two hundred Ptc1+/- mice and wild-type siblings were enrolled, and newborns were exposed to 900 MHz radiation at 0.4 W/kg average SAR for 5 days, 0.5 hours twice daily, or sham exposed. GSM-simulated RF fields did not affect survival, with no statistically significant differences between exposed and sham groups. No effects were seen on cerebellar tumors, rhabdomyosarcomas, or skin proliferative lesions.
Belyaev IY et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed rats to 915 MHz GSM microwaves for 2 hours at a SAR of 0.4 mW/g and then examined brain cells for DNA damage and gene expression changes. In the cerebellum, 11 genes were upregulated in a range of 1.34 to 2.74 fold and one gene was downregulated 0.48-fold (P < .0025). The exposure did not induce detectable DNA double strand breaks or changes in chromatin conformation.
Belyaev IY et al. · 2006
Scientists exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 915 MHz for 2 hours and found it changed gene activity in the brain without causing DNA breaks. The radiation altered the expression of 12 genes involved in brain functions like neurotransmitter regulation, the blood-brain barrier, and melatonin production. This suggests that even brief cell phone exposure can trigger biological changes in brain cells, even when DNA damage isn't detectable.
Lee JS, Huang TQ, Lee JJ, Pack JK, Jang JJ, Seo JS. · 2005
Researchers exposed eight-week-old hsp70.1-deficient mice twice daily for 45 minutes with a 15-minute interval, five days a week for ten weeks at a whole-body average specific absorption rate of 0.4 W/Kg for both 849 MHz and 1763 MHz fields. They examined major tissues histopathologically, assessed cell proliferative activity immunocytochemically, measured apoptosis with a TUNEL assay, and evaluated heat shock protein expression and stress-activated kinase phosphorylation by western blot. No histopathological differences were found between sham- and RF-exposed mice, and there was no evidence of increased proliferative or apoptotic activity. Levels of HSP90, HSP70, and HSP25 showed no obvious changes, and RF exposure did not affect phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, or p38 MAPK.
Huang TQ, Lee JS, Kim TH, Pack JK, Jang JJ, Seo JS. · 2005
The study used 80 male ICR mice initiated with DMBA and then exposed to 849 MHz or 1,763 MHz RF radiation at 0.4 W/kg SAR for 19 weeks. No skin tumors were observed in the sham or RF-exposed groups, while the TPA positive control group had a 95% tumor incidence. Pathological examination and PCNA staining showed no differences between sham and RF-exposed groups, and cyclin D1 and c-fos expression was only detected in TPA-induced tumors. The researchers concluded that RF radiation does not act as a tumor promoter for skin tumors in this model.
Lim HB, Cook GG, Barker AT, Coulton LA. · 2005
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood to 900 MHz fields at specific absorption rates of 0.4, 2.0, and 3.6 W/kg for durations of 20 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours. Heat stress at 42 degrees Celsius increased the number of cells expressing HSP70 and HSP27 in a time-dependent manner. No statistically significant difference in stress protein expression was detected after RF-field exposure.
Shirai T et al. · 2005
A 1.439 GHz TDMA signal was used for exposure of the rat head starting from 5 weeks of age, 90 min a day, 5 days a week, for 104 weeks. Brain tumorigenesis was initiated by an intrauterine exposure to N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on gestational day 18. No increase in the incidences or numbers per group of brain and/or spinal cord tumors, either in the males or females, was detected in the EMF exposed groups. There were no inter-group differences in body weights, food consumption, and survival rates.
Sommer AM, Streckert J, Bitz AK, Hansen VW, Lerchl A · 2004
Survival rate and lymphoma incidence did not differ between exposed and sham-exposed mice. Exposed mice gained more weight than sham-exposed mice. The data do not support the hypothesis that 900 MHz fields are a significant risk factor for lymphoma in this genetically predisposed strain.
Markkanen A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed wild-type and cdc48-mutant yeast cells to 900 or 872 MHz RF fields with or without UV radiation at elevated temperature. Amplitude modulated RF exposure significantly enhanced UV-induced apoptosis in cdc48-mutated cells, but unmodulated fields at the same SAR had no effect. Apoptosis was measured using the annexin V-FITC method with flow cytometry.
Nakamura H et al. · 2003
Researchers compared microwave exposure to water immersion at matched temperature rises in thirty-six pregnant rats assigned to six groups with 90-minute exposures. No significant differences in uteroplacental circulation or placental endocrine and immune functions were found between rats exposed to 0.6 mW/cm2 microwaves and those immersed at 38 °C. At 3 mW/cm2, microwaves caused significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol compared with rats immersed at 40 °C.
Unknown authors · 1982
Leonard David · 1980
The study outlines the historical background of U.S. microwave exposure guidelines and identifies the lead federal agencies. No federal standards exist to protect workers or the public, only a voluntary 10 mW/cm² guideline from 1966. Regulatory trends point toward more stringent occupational and public exposure limits, possibly as low as 1 mW/cm². The SPS system would deliver 23 mW/cm² at the rectenna center, 1 mW/cm² or less at the edge, and 0.1 mW/cm² at the buffer zone boundary. Current data show no morbid effects from 2,450-MHz radiation below 1 mW/cm², but long-term exposure studies are lacking.
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed mice to 900MHz cell phone radiation for 2 hours daily over 4 days, then tested their spatial memory using maze tasks. Exposed mice showed significant learning and memory deficits compared to unexposed mice, suggesting mobile phone radiation may impair brain function.
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2010
Researchers tested the effects of mobile phone radiation on spatial learning and memory in mice using the Morris water maze, a hippocampal-dependent spatial memory task. The mice received a 2 h daily dose of pulsed GSM 900 MHz radiation from a commercially available mobile phone for 4 days at SAR values ranging from 0.41 to 0.98 W/kg. Exposed animals showed a deficit in transferring acquired spatial information across training days, with increased escape latency and distance swam compared to sham-exposed animals. During the memory probe trial, sham-exposed animals showed the expected preference for the target quadrant, while exposed animals showed no preference.
Stefanics G et al. · 2007
Each participant underwent a 10-minute exposure to 900 MHz pulsed EMF from a commercial Nokia 6310 mobile phone. Fifteen participants received genuine EMF exposure and fifteen received sham exposure in a double-blind, counterbalanced order. No significant differences were found in the latency of ABR waves I, III, and V before and after either genuine or sham exposure. The authors suggest that, in their experimental conditions, a single 10-minute exposure to 900 MHz EMF from a commercial mobile phone does not produce measurable immediate effects on the latency of auditory brainstem waves I, III and V.
Smith P, Kuster N, Ebert S, Chevalier HJ · 2007
Researchers exposed 1170 Han Wistar rats to GSM or DCS signals at three nominal SARs of 0.44, 1.33 and 4.0 W/kg for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 104 weeks. No significant differences were found in primary neoplasm incidence, multiplicity, latency, metastases, or benign and malignant neoplasm counts between exposed and sham-exposed rats. The study included sham-exposed groups for each modulation and an unrestrained cage control group, with interim sacrifice at 52 weeks and terminal sacrifice at 104 weeks.
Shen YH, Yu D, Fu YT, Chiang H. · 2006
Five hundred female Sprague Dawley rats received a single dose of 35 mg/kg DMBA and were divided into five groups with SARs of 0, 0.44, 1.33, and 4.00 W/kg, exposed for 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 26 weeks. The sham-exposure group had a 37% carcinoma incidence, while the exposure groups at 0.44, 1.33, and 4.00 W/kg had incidences of 25%, 34%, and 38% respectively, with no statistically significant differences between groups. The authors concluded that the study did not provide evidence that 900 MHz GSM microwave exposure promotes DMBA-induced mammary tumor development in rats.
Zhao YL et al. · 2015
Mice were exposed to whole-body 2100 MHz microwaves at SARs of 0.45, 1.8, and 3.6 W/kg for 1 hour daily for 8 weeks. GO analysis showed the genes were involved in metabolic processes, cellular metabolic processes, regulation of biological processes, macromolecular metabolic processes, biosynthetic processes, cellular protein metabolic processes, transport, developmental processes, and cellular component organization. KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment in ribosome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, long-term potentiation, Huntington's disease, and Neurotrophin signaling pathways.
Imaida et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed male F344 rats to a 1.439 GHz TDMA electromagnetic near-field for 90 minutes a day, 5 days a week, over 6 weeks. The rats were initiated with diethylnitrosamine and underwent partial hepatectomy at week 3. Peak liver SARs ranged from 1.91 to 0.937 W/kg and whole-body average SARs from 0.680 to 0.453 W/kg at 0.33 W antenna power. Exposure did not significantly alter the numbers or areas of GST-P-positive foci in the liver compared to sham-exposed rats. Serum levels of corticosterone, ACTH, and melatonin were increased in exposed rats.
