Movvahedi MM et al. · 2014
Researchers enrolled 60 elementary school children aged 8 to 10 years in Shiraz, Iran. They used standardized computer-based tests of visual reaction time and short-term memory modified for children. Each test was repeated ten times in both real and sham exposure phases with a 30 min interval between phases. After a 10 min talk period, mean short-term memory scores were higher than after sham exposure (P = 0.030). Mean reaction times did not differ significantly between talk and sham exposure (P = 0.629).
Lv B, Su C, Yang L, Xie Y, Wu T · 2014
Researchers recruited ten subjects for a crossover, double-blind experiment with real and sham LTE EMF exposure sessions. Each session involved 30 minutes of LTE EMF exposure (power on or off) while EEG signals were recorded from 32 channels. The study found that short-term LTE EMF exposure modulated synchronization patterns of EEG activation across the whole brain.
Kesari KK, Meena R, Nirala J, Kumar J, Verma HN. · 2014
Researchers exposed 45-day-old male Wistar rats to 3G cell phone radiation for 2 hours a day over 60 days using a computer-controlled stepper motor. Exposure significantly induced DNA strand breaks and increased micronuclei, caspase 3, and apoptosis in the brain. Western blotting showed a transient increase in phosphorylation of hsp27, hsp70, and p38MAPK, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. The researchers concluded that oxidative stress activates the hsp27/p38MAPK pathway and that 3G radiation affects brain function and causes neurological disorders.
Dasdag S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 12 months to study effects on microRNA in brain tissue. The study found that rno-miR107 was decreased in exposed rats, while rno-miR-9-5p, rno-miR-29a-3p, rno-miR-106b-5p, and rno-miR-125a-3p were not altered.
van Nierop LE, Slottje P, van Zandvoort M, Kromhout H. · 2014
This double-blind randomized crossover study tested whether static magnetic fields alone, or combined with movement-induced time-varying magnetic fields, affected neurocognitive performance in 36 healthy volunteers. The exposure conditions consisted of 1.0 T static magnetic fields with or without 2.4 T/s time-varying magnetic fields induced by standardized head movements before each of the five neurocognitive tasks. Combined exposure significantly decreased verbal memory performance, changed visual acuity, and negatively affected attention and concentration with borderline significance, while static field exposure alone had no significant effects.
Spasić S, Kesić S, Stojadinović G, Petković B, Todorović D. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of a static magnetic field (SMF, 2 mT) and an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF, 50 Hz, 2 mT) on neuronal population activity in adult longhorn beetles Morimus funereus. The effects of prolonged and repeated ELF MF exposure on local field potentials were irreversible within the investigated time frame. The researchers did not prove with the methods used that exposure to the SMF for 5 min produces any effects on neuronal population activity.
Pelletier SJ et al. · 2014
Researchers tested various intensities of direct current electric fields (0, 25, 50, and 100V/m) on neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in a controlled laboratory setting. Neurons developed an elongated cell body shape with neurite outgrowth associated with a significant increase in growth associated protein-43. BV2 microglial cells showed distinct morphological changes with an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and these changes depended on whether the cells had already been activated with lipopolysaccharide. Astrocytes displayed elongated cell bodies with cellular filopodia that were oriented perpendicularly to the direct current electric field.
Gao X, Wang X, Chen F, Qi H, Wang X, Ming D, Zhou P. · 2014
Researchers conducted magnetic stimulation experiments at 1 Hz and 10 mT for 20 minutes and analyzed spontaneous EEG activity from 10 subjects. Compared with a sham exposure group, EEG power in the theta band (3.5-7.5 Hz) and lower-alpha band (7.5-10 Hz) increased significantly after magnetic stimulation. In an auditory oddball task, the latency period of P300 extended and its amplitude decreased.
Ben Yakir-Blumkin M, Loboda Y, Schächter L, Finberg JP. · 2014
Afrasiabi A et al. · 2014
Researchers prepared synaptosome suspensions from the cerebral cortex of sheep brain and exposed them to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs). The exposures tested frequencies from 50 Hz to 230 Hz, flux intensities from 0.1 mT to 1.7 mT, and durations between 15 and 120 min. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured by the Ellman method, and the data were analyzed using neural network based software, Inform 4.02, to predict activity patterns through nine 3D curves. AChE activity was found to decrease at field intensities of 1.2 mT to 1.7 mT and frequencies of 50 Hz to 90 Hz.
Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. · 2014
Researchers studied oxidative damage and the protective effect of garlic in rats exposed to low-level electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Groups II and III were exposed to low-level EMF at 3.68 ± 0.36 V/m at 2.45 GHz for 1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days, with Group III also receiving 500 mg/kg garlic daily. Exposure increased 8-OHdG levels in both plasma and brain tissue and increased AOPP levels only in plasma, while garlic prevented the increase of 8-OHdG in brain tissue and AOPP in plasma.
Deng B et al. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of sevoflurane on brain injury caused by electromagnetic pulse (EMP) exposure in rats and in cultured neurons. Rats were exposed to EMP and immediately treated with sevoflurane, and their brain tissue and behavior were assessed. Sevoflurane alleviated neuronal abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and reduced learning and memory deficits caused by EMP exposure. In cell experiments, EMP exposure reduced cell viability and increased LDH release, and sevoflurane treatment ameliorated these effects.
Shafiei SA, Firoozabadi SM, Tabatabaie KR, Ghabaee M. · 2014
Researchers investigated how extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) applied to different parts of the brain changed EEG power spectrum readings. EEG relative power spectrum was evaluated at several brain points when exposed to magnetic fields at 45, 17, 10, 5, and 3 Hz frequencies, at intensities of 0, 100, 240, or 360 μT across four sessions. Significant changes were observed in different EEG bands, and some exposures decreased the alpha band in frontal and central areas in the closed-eyes state.
Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG · 2014
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 10 G) for 8 hours per day for up to 120 days to study obsessive-compulsive disorder-like behavior. OCD-like behavior was measured using the marble burying behavior test, and the results showed that the magnetic field induced time-dependent marble burying behavior on each exposure day tested. A nitric oxide precursor worsened the OCD-like behavior, while nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduced it, with corresponding changes in nitric oxide levels.
Rauš Balind S, Selaković V, Radenović L, Prolić Z, Janać B. · 2014
Researchers studied whether an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF, 50 Hz, 0.5 mT) affects oxidative stress in the brains of gerbils submitted to 10-min global cerebral ischemia. After occlusion of both carotid arteries, 3-month-old gerbils were continuously exposed to ELF-MF for 7 days, and oxidative stress markers were measured in the forebrain cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Ischemic gerbils exposed to ELF-MF showed increased oxidative stress on the 7th day after reperfusion, but to a lesser extent than ischemic or ELF-MF-exposed animals alone, and by the 14th day their oxidative stress parameters were mostly at control levels. The results indicate a beneficial effect of ELF-MF (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) in the model of global cerebral ischemia.
Murugan NJ, Persinger MA. · 2014
Exposure to the patterned magnetic field reduced planarian activity by about 50%, a magnitude similar to the non-specific effects of morphine and naloxone across most dosages. A specific dosage of 100 nM produced an additional marked reduction in activity for planaria exposed to either morphine or naloxone, while only 1 pM of morphine produced this effect.
Manikonda PK et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 50 Hz, at intensities of 50 and 100 µT, for 90 days continuously. The hippocampal, cerebellar and cortical regions of the brain were analyzed for reactive oxygen species, markers of oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes. Compared with control rats, exposed rats showed oxidative stress and altered glutathione levels in a dose-dependent manner across all brain regions.
Li Y, Yan X, Liu J, Li L, Hu X, Sun H, Tian J. · 2014
Researchers examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from neonatal rats. Exposure to 50 Hz and 1 mT PEMF for 2 hours increased both intracellular free calcium levels and Bdnf mRNA expression. The increase in calcium was found to come from influx through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, while calcium mobilization from internal stores was not involved. Blocking the Erk signaling pathway strongly inhibited PEMF-related Erk1/2 activation and BDNF expression, indicating that Erk activation was required for PEMF-induced BDNF upregulation.
Li C, Xie M, Luo F, He C, Wang J, Tan G, Hu Z. · 2014
Researchers investigated the effects of 14 and 28 days of exposure to a 50 Hz, 0.5 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field on glutamate receptor subunit expressions and spatial learning and memory in rats. The exposure changed NMDAR and AMPAR subunit levels in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and prefrontal cortex in ways that differed by brain region and duration. Despite these receptor changes, neither 14 nor 28 days of exposure affected the rats' spatial reference memory as assessed by water maze.
Komaki A, Khalili A, Salehi I, Shahidi S, Sarihi A. · 2014
Researchers divided twenty-nine adult male Wistar rats into three groups: an ELF-EMF exposed group, a sham group, and a control group. The exposed rats received a 50 Hz, 100 micro Tesla magnetic field for 90 consecutive days at 2 hours per day. Prolonged exposure to ELF-EMFs increased LTP induction, and there was a significant difference in the slope of EPSP and amplitude of PS between the ELF-EMF group and other groups. The researchers' data suggest that exposure to ELF-EMFs produces a marked change in the synaptic plasticity generated in synapses of the PP-DG.
Kantar Gok D et al. · 2014
Researchers used ninety male rats, aged 3 months, to investigate how different intensities and durations of extremely low-frequency electric fields affected brain responses and oxidative damage. Rats were exposed to 12-kV/m and 18-kV/m electric fields for 2 or 4 weeks, and mismatch negativity (MMN) responses were recorded in anesthetized rats using electrodes placed on the dura. MMN amplitude was significantly decreased in the E18-4 group compared with the C4 group, and 4-HNE was increased in all experimental groups compared with the control group. The researchers concluded that the electric field decreased MMN amplitudes, possibly induced by lipid peroxidation.
Duan Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, He Y, Fan R, Cheng Y, Sun G, Sun X. · 2014
Researchers studied whether exposure to a 50 Hz, 8 mT extremely low frequency electromagnetic field for 28 days altered glutamate release in mice hippocampus and whether treatment with lotus seedpod procyanidins (LSPCs) could normalize those changes. Exposure increased glutamate, GABA, NMDA receptor 2B levels, and intracellular calcium concentration in the hippocampus, while decreasing ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation. Oral administration of LSPCs, especially at 60 and 90 mg per kilogram, markedly improved expressions of p-CREB, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK1/2, and was accompanied by decreased levels of glutamate, GABA, intracellular calcium, and NR2B.
Dimitrijević D, Savić T, Anđelković M, Prolić Z, Janać B. · 2014
Researchers exposed Drosophila subobscura at different developmental stages to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) for 48 hours. The magnetic field shortened developmental time and increased viability, while sex ratio was unaffected. Regardless of which developmental stage was exposed, the magnetic field significantly decreased locomotor activity in adult flies. When just-eclosed adults were exposed, the observed reduction in locomotor activity lasted longer than in other exposure groups.
Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to electromagnetic waves from mobile phones at frequencies between 1900 and 2100 MHz for a four-week period to study effects on apoptosis-related proteins in brain tissue. Immunohistopathological examinations showed that the study group had more p53 and Bcl-2 positive stained cells, and they were stained denser, with statistically significant differences between the study and control groups (p < 0.003). The researchers concluded that electromagnetic waves from mobile phones may have an effect on apoptosis.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulsed-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day during gestation, then tested the offspring using behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological methods. Mobile phone exposure was associated with a decrease in the number of action potentials fired and an increase in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization in exposed offspring compared with controls. Phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention in both male and female offspring rats compared with control rats. Light microscopy of brain sections showed normal morphology in both control and mobile phone-exposed rats.
