Ceyhan AM et al. · 2012
Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, sham, electromagnetic radiation, and radiation plus β-glucan groups. Rats in the radiation groups were exposed to a 2.45-GHz field for 60 minutes daily over four weeks, and β-glucan was given at 50 mg/kg/day by gavage before each exposure. Radiation increased malondialdehyde and catalase activity and decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, while β-glucan significantly reversed the malondialdehyde rise and the superoxide dismutase drop, with non-significant effects on catalase and glutathione peroxidase.
Ceyhan AM et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for one hour daily over four weeks and measured damage to skin tissue. The radiation significantly increased oxidative stress markers and decreased protective antioxidant enzymes in the skin. However, when rats were given beta-glucan (a natural compound found in oats and mushrooms) before each exposure, it largely prevented this cellular damage.
Bouji M, Lecomte A, Hode Y, de Seze R, Villégier AS. · 2012
French researchers exposed young and middle-aged rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for 15 minutes to study brain effects. They found that older rats showed increased brain inflammation and enhanced emotional memory, while younger rats had elevated stress hormones. The study reveals that age significantly affects how the brain responds to radiofrequency radiation.
Solomentsev GY, English NJ, Mooney DA · 2012
Researchers performed non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of a solvated 21-residue polyalanine peptide at 300 K and 1 bar with external electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz and electric field intensities of 0.01–0.05 V/Å. The peptide naturally tends to form stable secondary structure elements stabilized by tertiary interactions. External fields disrupted this behavior through localized dipolar alignment that enhanced hydrogen bond perturbations, causing more frequent transitions between shorter-lived conformational states. The study reported 16 independent 40-nanosecond trajectories starting from both extended and fully folded states.
Breckenkamp J et al. · 2012
Researchers measured RF-EMF exposure in the bedrooms of 1,348 households in Germany using Antennessa(®) EME Spy 120 dosimeters, with 280 measures available for each frequency band per household. Exposure levels were very low and far below the ICNIRP's exposure reference levels. Cordless phones (DECT standard) and wireless LAN/Bluetooth were the major sources, contributing about 82% of total exposure.
Sekeroğlu V, Akar A, Sekeroğlu ZA · 2012
Researchers investigated the cytogenotoxic effects of 1800 MHz electromagnetic fields on bone marrow cells of immature and mature rats over 45 days with a 15-day recovery period. Significant differences were observed in chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, mitotic index, and polychromatic erythrocyte ratio in all treatment groups. A 15-day recovery period did not improve the cytogenotoxic damage in immature rats.
Sekeroğlu V, Akar A, Sekeroğlu ZA · 2012
Turkish researchers exposed young and adult rats to 1800 MHz cell phone radiation (GSM frequency) for 2 hours daily over 45 days, then examined bone marrow cells for genetic damage. They found significant chromosome damage, DNA breaks, and cellular disruption in both age groups, with young rats showing more severe and irreversible effects even after a 15-day recovery period.
Aït-Aïssa S et al. · 2012
Pregnant rats were exposed to a 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, at whole-body SAR levels of 0, 0.08, 0.4, and 4 W/kg. Dams were exposed from days 6 to 21 of gestation, and then three newborns per litter were further exposed from birth to day 35 postnatal. Sera from pups were screened for antibodies against 15 different antigens using ELISA, and no change in humoral response was observed regardless of the types of biomarker and SAR levels. The researchers' observations suggested a lack of adverse effects of Wi-Fi exposure on delivery and general condition of the animals.
Dogan M et al. · 2012
Rats were randomly assigned to an exposed group (n=9) and a control group (n=9), with the exposed group subjected to electromagnetic radiation for 20 days. Researchers measured choline, creatinin, and N-acetylaspartate levels by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by spectrophotometry, and apoptosis by histopathology. No significant differences were found in NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, or NAA/Cho ratios between the exposed and control groups. Oxidative stress parameters and apoptotic cell counts also showed no significant differences between groups.
Chen G, Lu D, Chiang H, Leszczynski D, Xu Z. · 2012
Researchers used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study how exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and radiofrequency EMF affects gene expression. Yeast cells were exposed for 6 hours to either 0.4 mT 50 Hz ELF-MF or 1800 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 4.7 W/kg. The study found no confirmed gene expression changes from ELF-MF exposure, and only the expressions of SMC3 and AQY2 were confirmed as responsive to RF-EMF.
Khalil AM, Gagaa MH, Alshamali AM. · 2012
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz for 2 hours and measured a specific marker of DNA damage (8-oxodG) in their urine. They found significant increases in DNA damage markers throughout most of the exposure period, with peak damage occurring 1 hour after exposure began. This suggests that cell phone radiation can cause oxidative damage to DNA, which is a key mechanism linked to cancer development.
Terro F et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed cultured cerebral cortical cells to GSM-900MHz at 0.25W/kg for 24 h using a wire-patch cell. Exposure caused a ~0.5°C temperature rise but did not induce apoptosis. HSC70 increased by 26% and HSP90 decreased slightly (<10%). α-synuclein decreased by 24% without changes in active lysosome localization, indicating independence from CMA. Similar effects were seen when cells were incubated at 37.5°C, suggesting the changes were due to temperature rise.
Laudisi F et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to WiFi signals at 2450 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg for two hours daily during gestation. Thymocyte count, phenotype, and proliferation were unchanged in exposed offspring. These null effects were consistent in both sexes at 5 and 26 weeks of age.
Hong MN et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells to single frequencies of 837 MHz or 1950 MHz, or both frequencies together, at a SAR of 4 W/kg for 2 hours while maintaining isothermal temperature. They measured intracellular ROS, SOD enzyme activity, and GSH/GSSG ratio and found no statistically significant alterations from either single or multiple RF radiation exposures. Ionizing radiation used as a positive control showed evident changes in all measured endpoints. The results indicate that single or multiple RF radiation exposure did not elicit oxidative stress in MCF10A cells under these conditions.
Li CY, Liao MH, Lin CW, Tsai WS, Huang CC, Tang TK. · 2012
The study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of microwave radiation on LPS-induced NFκB expression in THP-1 monocytes. PMA caused THP-1 monocytes to differentiate into macrophages that reacted with LPS, increasing NFκB levels. Microwave radiation exposure decreased NFκB expression levels in PMA and LPS stimulated THP-1 monocytes.
Shahbazi-Gahrouei D et al. · 2012
Researchers evaluated how cell phone radiation affects chorionic gonadotropin immunoassays using human serum samples. Radiation altered measured serum levels, especially at 100, 250, and 500 mIU/mL concentrations. The higher 1.09 W/kg SAR exposure caused a significant loss compared to the lower 0.69 W/kg SAR exposure.
Yang L, Hao D, Wang M, Zeng Y, Wu S, Zeng Y. · 2012
Researchers exposed NIH/3T3 cells to 916 MHz continuous microwave radiation for 2 h per day at power densities of 10, 50, and 90 w/m(2). After 5 to 8 weeks, the exposed cells showed changes in morphology and proliferation and formed colonies in soft agar after another 3 to 4 weeks. When injected into SCID mice, the exposed cells produced lumps on the animals' backs after more than 4 weeks.
Bortkiewicz A, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W, Zmyślony M. · 2012
Researchers studied whether exposure to EMF from a mobile phone influenced tympanic temperature in ten healthy young men, aged 22.1±4.7 years. Each participant was examined three times: on a sham day with 2×60 minutes of no exposure, on a day with continuous 60-minute exposure followed by 60 minutes of no exposure, and on a day with intermittent exposure alternating 15-minute on and off periods. During continuous exposure, mean tympanic temperature was significantly higher than during sham exposure (p = 0.0001), while during intermittent exposure temperature was lower than on the sham day. The trends in tympanic temperature during the experiment differed significantly in relation to exposure conditions (p < 0.05).
Bourthoumieu S et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed human amniotic cells to GSM-900 radiofrequency fields for 24 hours at SARs of 0.25, 1, 2, and 4 W/kg. They measured p53 protein expression and phosphorylation at serine 15 and 37 using Western blot after three independent exposures from three donors. No significant changes in p53 expression or activation were found at any of the tested SARs up to 4 W/kg in human embryonic cells. Bleomycin-exposed cells served as a positive control.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers measured radiofrequency fields at public access points in 46 towns with 76 GSM cell sites in two major Ghanaian cities. Measurements used a log-periodic antenna coupled with a spectrum analyzer. At 900 MHz, levels ranged from 0.85 to 1.07 mW m⁻²; at 1800 MHz, from 0.78 to 1.19 mW m⁻². All measured levels complied with the ICNIRP limit, reaching only 0.024% of that limit. However, levels were 108 times higher than those found in a similar Ghanaian survey two years earlier.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers measured radiofrequency radiation levels near 76 cell phone towers across 46 towns in Ghana, focusing on public spaces like schools and markets. While radiation levels stayed within international safety guidelines, they were 108 times higher than measurements taken just two years earlier in the same country. The dramatic increase reflects Ghana's rapidly expanding mobile network infrastructure.
Ghosn R et al. · 2012
Volunteers participated in a double-blind, crossover study with sham and real GSM 900 MHz mobile phone exposure sessions lasting 20 minutes each. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity, pulsatility index, and resistance index were measured noninvasively with transcranial Doppler sonography before, during, and after exposure. No significant changes were detected in studied variables in middle cerebral arteries during sham or real exposure.
Sokolovic D et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to microwave radiation for 4 hours per day and tested whether melatonin could counter any resulting changes in body mass or behaviour. A significant body mass reduction was noted in animals exposed to MW radiation when compared to controls after 20, 40 and 60 days (p<0.001). Exposed animals showed anxiety-related behaviour described as agitation and irritability after 10 days of exposure, and these changes became less noticeable after the radiation source was removed. Melatonin pretreatment significantly increased body weight in irradiated rats compared to irradiated rats without melatonin after 20 days (p<0.05), and melatonin administration caused a decrease in stress-induced behaviour.
Tomitsch J, Dechant E. · 2012
Celikozlu SD et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed rats to magnetic fields via cell phones during prenatal and postnatal periods until the rats were 80 days old. The study measured blood parameters and neurons in the brain of rats. Magnetic field exposure decreased pyramidal neuron numbers 51.15% and increased ischemic neuron numbers 73% at the cortex region of the brain. In the hippocampus, magnetic fields increased the amount of ischemic neurons three-fold compared to the control, while hippocampal pyramidal cell numbers were not affected.
