Calabrò E, Magazù S. · 2017
Researchers studied the effects of mobile phone electromagnetic waves on the Amide I and Amide II vibration bands of proteins in bidistilled water solution, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Fourier self-deconvolution analysis. The proteins used were hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and lysozyme. The Amide I band increased significantly (p < 0.05) after 4 h of exposure, while the Amide II band did not change significantly.
Kapri-Pardes E et al. · 2017
Researchers applied extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields at various field strengths and time periods to eight different cell types and measured the phosphorylation of signaling proteins by western blotting. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased in response to ELF-MF, with effects detected at field strengths as low as 0.15 µT and a maximum at around 10 µT. The researchers concluded that the small increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation is probably insufficient to affect proliferation and oncogenic transformation, and that the results cannot be regarded as proof of the involvement of ELF-MF in cancer in general or childhood leukemia in particular.
Marjanovic Cermak AM et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed V79 fibroblast cells to 1800 MHz RF radiation for 10, 30, and 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg to investigate possible links between radiofrequency exposure and oxidative stress. Cell viability remained within normal physiological values regardless of exposure time. An increased level of superoxide radicals was detected after 60-minute exposure, and a significantly higher GSH level was observed immediately after 10-minute exposure, though GSH-Px activity was higher but not significant. Lipid oxidative damage in exposed cell samples was not observed.
Zeng Y, Shen Y, Hong L, Chen Y, Shi X, Zeng Q, Yu P · 2017
Researchers evaluated the biological effects of different patterns of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure on primary cultured hippocampal neurons, looking at viability, apoptosis, genomic instability, and oxidative stress. Repeated exposure to a 50-Hz 2-mT field for 8 hours per day decreased cell viability and increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The researchers noted that none of the repeated exposure patterns had significant effects on DNA damage, apoptosis, or autophagy, suggesting no severe biological consequences in the cultured neurons.
Pooam M, Nakayama M, Nishigaki C, Miyata H · 2017
Researchers exposed RAW264 macrophage cells to a 50-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 0.1 mT or 0.5 mT and measured superoxide production, HSP70 expression, and mitochondrial membrane potential. The magnetic field enhanced production of superoxide and the expression of HSP70. The researchers suggested that the 50-Hz magnetic field diminished mitochondrial membrane potential, which led to increased superoxide production and HSP70 expression.
Naarala J et al. · 2017
Researchers studied how the direction of combined static and extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields affected cell proliferation and superoxide radical production. Proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was stimulated by a nearly vertical 60 or 120 μT static magnetic field compared with cells that were shielded against magnetic fields. When the static field was combined with an extremely low frequency ELF field, proliferation was suppressed by a horizontal but not by a vertical ELF field.
Medina-Fernandez FJ et al. · 2017
Researchers injected rats with a single dose of 150 μg of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG, fragment 35–55) to produce experimental multiple sclerosis. The MOG injection caused motor symptoms such as tail paralysis and limb paresis/paralysis, along with oxidative stress and cell death similar to MS. Rats were then treated with extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields applied as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at 60 Hz and 0.7 mT for 2 hours a day, once a day, 5 days a week, for 3 weeks. The researchers found that TMS attenuated motor symptoms and oxidative and cell damage, and also increased the antioxidant system.
Kim SJ et al. · 2017
Researchers examined the effects of 60 Hz 0.8 mT extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on a macrophage cell line called RAW 264.7. Under ELF-EMF exposure, production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased, and the expression of those genes was also upregulated. Cell proliferation was not altered by ELF-EMF exposure. The researchers suggest that ELF-EMF amplifies inflammatory responses through enhanced macrophage activation and can decrease the effectiveness of antioxidants.
Cichoń N, Bijak M, Miller E, Saluk J. · 2017
Researchers investigated the effect of ELF-EMF on clinical and antioxidant status in post-stroke patients. Fifty-seven patients were divided into two groups: ELF-EMF and non-ELF-EMF, and both groups underwent the same 4-week rehabilitation program. The ELF-EMF group was additionally exposed to a field of 40 Hz, 7 mT for 15 min/day for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. ELF-EMF significantly increased enzymatic antioxidant activity, though total antioxidant status levels did not change in either group.
Paknahad M, Mortazavi SM, Shahidi S, Mortazavi G, Haghani M · 2016
Researchers prepared class V cavities in 20 extracted human premolars and randomly divided them into two groups of 10. The experimental group was exposed to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 20 minutes at a distance of 30 cm while the router communicated with a laptop 20 meters away. Mercury concentration in artificial saliva was significantly higher in the exposed group (0.056 ± .025 mg/L) than in the control group (0.026 ± .008 mg/L) (P =0.009).
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers treated induced human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with pulsed electromagnetic fields. PEMF increased the expression of neural markers NF-L, NeuroD1, and Tau. PEMF greatly decreased cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PEMF exposure dramatically increased phosphorylation of Akt, Rsk, Creb, Erk, Bcl-xL, and Bad. PEMF-dependent cell protection was reversed by a PI3K inhibitor, and the data suggest the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway may mediate the protective effects.
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers exposed human lens epithelial cells to a 50 Hz ELF MF at 0.4 mT or sham exposure. DNA damage was assessed using γH2AX foci formation assay, western blot, flow cytometry, and alkaline comet assay. No significant increase in γH2AX foci formation was observed after exposures up to 48 hours, γH2AX expression levels did not differ between exposure groups, and no chromosomal DNA fragmentation was detected.
Unknown authors · 2016
They analyzed mitotic index and micronucleus rates after exposure. No significant differences were found in mitotic index rates within or between groups. Double Dyna and double Steco configurations showed statistically significant intragroup differences in micronucleus rates. No statistically significant differences in micronucleus rates were found between groups.
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers investigated the effect of a 50 Hz, 1 mT extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on MAP2 and Nestin gene expression in dermal papilla mesenchymal cells. Four experimental groups were prepared: chemical exposure, EMF exposure, combined chemical and EMF exposure, and a control with no treatment, all treated for 5 days. An additional EMF group was exposed for 14 consecutive days to assess the effect of longer exposure on neural differentiation markers Nestin and MAP2. After 14 days, MAP2 expression was higher than after 5 days and cell proliferation decreased from days 5 to 20, indicating that longer exposure promotes neural differentiation.
Mahmoudinasab H, Saadat M · 2016
NQO1 mRNA decreased immediately after exposure to the 5 min on/5 min off pattern at 0.25 mT compared to unexposed cells. NQO2 mRNA increased immediately and at two hours after exposure to the same pattern at 0.50 mT compared to unexposed cells.
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers examined the effect of combined RF radiation on amyloid-beta-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 rat hippocampal neurons. Amyloid-beta suppressed HT22 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. RF exposure did not affect cell proliferation and had only a marginal effect on amyloid-beta-induced growth suppression. Amyloid-beta increased ROS generation and apoptosis markers including annexin V/PI-positive cells, PARP and caspase-3 degradation. Amyloid-beta stimulated a DNA damage pathway and enhanced beta-site amyloid precursor protein expression, while RF had no effect on these events.
Unknown authors · 2016
Researchers exposed a human keratinocyte model to 60.4 GHz millimeter waves at 20 mW/cm2 for 3 hours in athermic conditions. No keratinocyte transcriptome modifications were observed after this exposure. The glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose decreased cellular ATP content and induced a high modification in the transcriptome affecting 632 coding genes. The combined millimeter-wave and 2-deoxyglucose exposure did not alter ATP content but slightly altered the transcriptome, and RT-PCR validation confirmed six MMW-sensitive genes.
Koyama S et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed human corneal epithelial and human lens epithelial cells to 60 GHz millimeter-wavelength radiation for 24 hours at 1 mW/cm2. The micronucleus frequency did not increase significantly compared with sham-exposed and incubator controls. The comet assay for DNA strand breaks and heat shock protein expression also showed no statistically significant effects. The researchers concluded that the radiation had no effect on genotoxicity in human eye cells.
Koyama S et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed human corneal epithelial cells to 0.12 THz radiation at 5 mW/cm2 for 24 h and then examined genotoxicity, morphological changes, and heat shock protein expression. Micronucleus frequency did not increase significantly in exposed cells compared with sham-exposed and incubator controls, whereas the positive control treated with bleomycin for 1 h showed a significant increase. No significant morphological changes were observed, and expression of Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90α did not differ significantly among the three treatment groups.
Nakayama M, Nakamura A, Hondou T, Miyata H · 2016
Researchers measured DNA single-strand breaks, cell viability, and nitric oxide production in macrophage RAW264 cells exposed to a 0.5-mT, 50-Hz magnetic field for 24 hours with or without LPS stimulation. The magnetic field alone did not alter nitric oxide production. The combined effect of LPS and magnetic field was not mediated by LPS-induced nitric oxide production.
Medeiros LN, Sanchez TG. · 2016
Researchers performed a literature review using keywords including tinnitus, electromagnetic field, mobile phones, radio frequency, and electromagnetic hypersensitivity. They selected 165 articles considered clinically relevant to at least one of these subjects. The review notes that electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation can penetrate tissues and has proven thermogenic effects and potential biological and genotoxic effects. Some individuals are more sensitive to electromagnetic exposure, and there may be a common pathophysiology between this electrosensitivity and tinnitus. The authors state there are reasonable evidences to suggest caution for using mobile phones to prevent auditory damage and the onset or worsening of tinnitus.
Siqueira EC et al. · 2016
Researchers studied 83 Brazilian individuals to compare cytokine levels in saliva from the parotid gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) versus the contralateral gland. After multiple testing correction, they found decreased IL-10 and increased IL-1β in the ipsilateral side compared to the contralateral side (P < 0.05). Subjects who used cell phones for more than 10 years showed larger differences in IL-10 levels between sides (P = 0.0012). No differences were observed for any parameter in relation to monthly cell phone usage in minutes.
Sagioglou NE et al. · 2016
Researchers studied apoptosis in the model biological system Drosophila melanogaster under different exposure protocols. A signal generator was used operating alternatively under Continuous Wave (CW) or Frequency Modulation (FM) emission modes, at three power output values (10 dB, 0, -10 dB), under four carrier frequencies (100, 395, 682, 900 MHz). Newly emerged flies were exposed either acutely for 6 or 60 minutes on the sixth day, or repeatedly for 6 or 60 minutes daily for the first six days of their life. All exposure protocols resulted in an increase of apoptotic cell death observed in egg chambers, even at very low electric field strengths. FM waves seem to have a stronger effect in ACD than continuous waves.
Grell K et al. · 2016
Researchers used a point process model to investigate the association using tumor localization data from the INTERPHONE Study across Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The association was statistically significant and independent of cumulative call time and cumulative number of calls. The main analysis included 792 regular mobile phone users diagnosed with a glioma between 2000 and 2004.
Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. · 2016
The review examined 27 studies on RF-EMR effects on the male reproductive system. Eleven of 15 studies on sperm motility reported significant declines, all seven studies measuring ROS found elevated levels, and four of five studies on DNA damage reported increased damage. RF-EMR reduced antioxidant levels in all six studies that assessed them, and antioxidant supplementation ameliorated effects in all three studies that tested it.
