Hambarde S, Pandey A, Baskin DS, Helekar SA · 2026
The authors report results in cultured glioma cells and in a syngeneic mouse model. The spinning oscillating magnetic field caused reactive oxygen species-dependent persistent inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. Steps downstream of this mechanism involve the production of oxidative stress, DNA damage, G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. The spinning oscillating magnetic field did not produce these effects in normal human astrocytes and astroglial cells.
Zhu Y, Zhu L, Lan Y, Sun C, Chen G · 2026
Researchers exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts to 1800 MHz RF-EMF alone or combined with hydrogen peroxide, 4NQO, cadmium, or hexavalent chromium. RF-EMF alone did not cause detectable DNA damage and did not significantly increase damage from hydrogen peroxide, 4NQO, or cadmium. Combined exposure to RF-EMF and hexavalent chromium produced a significant synergistic increase in DNA damage.
Kim JH et al. · 2026
Researchers exposed human keratinocytes and murine melanoma cells to UVA radiation followed by 5G RF-EMFs at 3.5 and 28 GHz. Post-UV RF-EMF exposure significantly reduced DNA damage markers such as γH2AX foci formation by approximately 30–50% and comet tail moments by 60–80%, and suppressed intracellular ROS accumulation by 56–93%. These effects were accompanied by selective attenuation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation reduced by 55–85%. The magnitude of molecular protection was comparable to that of N-acetylcysteine treatment or pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK. However, RF-EMF exposure did not reverse UV-induced reductions in cell viability or alterations in cell cycle distribution.
Bektas H, Seker A, Ustun R, Dogu S · 2026
Researchers exposed primary mouse dorsal root ganglion cultures to pulsed 3.5 GHz GSM-like RF-EMF for 1 to 24 hours in a GTEM-based setup. Dosimetry confirmed non-thermal exposure with temperature differences below 0.1°C. They assessed cell viability, ROS levels, mitochondrial apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, caspase-3), and p75^NTR using blinded confocal analysis. Exposure caused a time-dependent reduction in viability, robust ROS elevations, increased Bax and caspase-3, decreased Bcl-2, and cytochrome c release, with maximal effects at 12 to 24 hours. p75^NTR upregulation indicated maladaptive neurotrophin signaling.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers pre-applied ELF-EMF to a neuroblastoma neuronal cell line before exposing it to 4 hours of zinc intoxication to model Tau-microtubule dissociation. The ELF-EMF exposure enhanced microtubule dynamics and increased Tau-microtubule interaction despite zinc toxicity. Additional 1-hour concomitant treatments comparing 3.9 Hz and 40 Hz at 1 G showed effects on Tau phosphorylation accentuated at 40 Hz and reduction in beta tubulin isotypes most pronounced at 3.9 Hz.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers cultured HT-1197 bladder cancer cells and exposed them to PEMF therapy for one hour each day for five days. Cells were exposed to PEMF therapy for one hour each day for five days, and proliferation rates were measured using Incucyte data. HT-1197 cells treated with PEMF therapy showed slower proliferation compared to controls, while a different bladder cancer cell line HT-1376 did not show this effect. Gene expression analysis at days 1 and 5 revealed altered expression of numerous genes and cancer-related pathways in treated cells. Principal component analysis showed complete separation of treated and untreated cells, with PEMF treatment accounting for 76% of the variation.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers cultured DU-145 prostate cancer cells and exposed them to ELF P-EMF at different intensities and durations. Cell viability was measured with the MTT assay and apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Increasing the field intensity from 22.6 to 35 mT and prolonging exposure significantly increased cancer cell mortality and could induce apoptosis. The treatment significantly increased PTEN expression, increased BAX expression, significantly reduced MIR-21 expression, and partially reduced BCL-2 expression.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed several human and rodent cell types to 60 Hz ELF-MF at 10 and 16 mT for 72 hours. All cell types showed an approximately 20% or greater increase in proliferation at 14 mT compared with sham exposure, with no further increase at 16 mT. The proliferation increase was accompanied by activation of the MEK-ERK pathway and NF-κB, but not Akt, and a slight increase in S phase population, while ROS and calcium levels remained unchanged.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers constructed a cell membrane model with the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 embedded. They calculated vibrational spectra of TIP3P molecules and carboxyl and carbonyl groups in the selectivity filter region at 13.4, 48.7, and 53.2 THz. They measured changes in ion channel pore radius distribution and secondary structures of Cav1.1 triggered by external terahertz electromagnetic fields. They used umbrella sampling to assess functional changes via potential of mean force profiles of Ca2+ permeation. The results showed Cav1.1 has highly frequency specificity, emphasizing the importance of terahertz resonance with biomolecules.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed human neuroblastoma cells to 26.5 GHz 5G electromagnetic fields using a reverberation chamber system. The study evaluated cell cycle and DNA damage, with DNA damage also tested in combination with menadione. The authors state further investigations are needed varying exposure and biological parameters.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed fibroblasts and keratinocytes to electromagnetic fields up to ten times the permissible limits for 2 and 48 hours in a fully blinded experimental design. Sham-exposed cells served as negative controls and UV-exposed cells as positive controls. Differences in gene expression and methylation due to exposure were small and not higher than expected by chance.
Wang H, Zou W, Ding C, Cao Y · 2025
Researchers exposed MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts to radiofrequency radiation at intensities of 50, 150, and 450 μW/cm². The 150 μW/cm² exposure caused the greatest reduction in cell viability, increased lipid peroxidation, and disturbed iron homeostasis. ATF4 knockdown worsened these effects, while ATF4 overexpression protected the cells from radiation-induced damage.
Unknown authors · 2025
The study evaluated the in-vitro impact of simultaneous exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals on neuronal electrical activity, mitochondrial ROS production, and cellular stress protein responses. Primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts were exposed at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg for 15 minutes or 24 hours, respectively. No significant effects were found on the mean bursting rate or mean firing rate of cortical neurons, mitochondrial ROS production in fibroblasts remained unaffected, and HSF1 basal activity and responsiveness to MG132 showed no change. BRET assays detected only minor, inconsistent variations in RAS and PML basal activity and drug responsiveness, near the detection threshold.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed human fibroblasts to 5G RF-EMF at SAR of 0.08 and 4 W/kg for 24 hours using BRET-based biosensors. No significant effect was found on oxidative stress markers, adaptive response, or CPD repair kinetics and efficiency.
Unknown authors · 2025
Chick embryos were exposed continuously to 2.4 GHz EMR for 4 hours each day over 5 days, and SH-SY5Y cells were also exposed to assess cell viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Exposure increased ROS production in SH-SY5Y cells after 4 hours, caused moderate DNA damage, and upregulated the Bax gene as an early apoptosis marker. Antioxidants NAC and Mito-TEMPO reduced the cytotoxic effects of EMR in both models.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers isolated neural stem cells from the telencephalic wall of B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J mouse embryos and divided them into three experimental groups and three controls. Each experimental group was exposed to 50Hz ELF-EMFs of varied strengths for 1 h. High-strength ELF-EMF significantly increased GFAP expression while low-strength ELF-EMF decreased it. High-strength ELF-EMF significantly increased β-3 tubulin immunoreactivity, while medium- and low-strength ELF-EMF decreased it. Medium-strength ELF-EMF significantly upregulated NES expression.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed adipose-derived stem cells to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field at 1.5 mT for 24 and 48 hours. After 24 hours of exposure, N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation significantly increased. The expression of stem cell markers Nanog, Oct-4, Sox-2, CD44, and CD105 increased after 24 hours of exposure. Western blot analysis showed upregulation of p21 and DNMT2/TRDMT1 protein levels with no change in p53. Cell membrane flexibility, metabolic potential, and mitochondrial distribution, morphology, and metabolism were altered after 24 hours.
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
The study found that ELF-EMF exposure improved differentiation of fibroblast cells into erythroid-like progenitors. Upregulation of miR-16 and miR-451 also improved this differentiation.
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers stimulated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells with hydrogen peroxide or amyloid-β peptide and activated N9 microglial cells with lipopolysaccharide or amyloid-β peptide. Cells were exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields with a pulse duration of 1.3 ms and a frequency of 75 Hz. The fields defended SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and cell death induced by amyloid-β or hydrogen peroxide. In microglia activated by lipopolysaccharide or amyloid-β, the fields reverted the reduction in mitochondrial potential, oxidative damage, and cell death.
Unknown authors · 2024
The synthesized nanostructures had a mean particle size of 157.3 nm, a zeta potential of -29.6 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.31. A molecular docking study was performed to visualize how silver may bind to protein targets. The combined treatment lowered the IC50 against Hep-2 cells by about six-fold and suppressed cell proliferation in the G0/G1 and S phases. It also increased mRNA levels of CASP3, p53, Beclin-1 and NF-κB, raised oxidative stress biomarkers GR, ROS and MDA, and HE staining confirmed greater apoptosis.
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed human dermal fibroblasts to continuous and pulsed 1.6 GHz radiofrequency at 0.4 W/kg for 2 hours. Exposure altered heat-shock protein expression, cytoskeletal organization, and increased lysosomes, with autophagosomes only after pulsed exposure. Mitotic spindle anomalies occurred but no significant effects were seen on cell cycle, chromosome segregation, micronuclei, or DNA damage foci.
Unknown authors · 2024
The study aimed to investigate gene expression changes under exposure to millimeter waves using BRB-seq. Three exposure scenarios compared primary keratinocyte cultures and a HaCaT cell line, tested power-density dose effects, and examined exposure at the ICNIRP limit. Except for high-power heating, the scenarios showed no important gene expression changes, with very few differentially expressed genes mostly linked to heat-shock response, indicating no transcriptional effect under athermal conditions.
