Kumar A, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kaur S, Kohli RK. · 2015
After 7 days, exposure for 4 h caused significant growth and biochemical alterations. Root and coleoptile length were reduced, with coleoptile length showing a 23 % reduction after 4 h exposure. Photosynthetic pigments and total carbohydrates declined by 13 and 18 %, while α- and β-amylase activities increased by ∼92 and 94 % after 4 h exposure. Acid invertase and alkaline invertase activities increased by 88 and 266 %, whereas phosphatase activities rose up to 2 h then declined after longer exposure.
Isaac Aleman E et al · 2014
Researchers investigated the influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on net photosynthesis, transpiration, photosynthetic pigment concentration, and RBCS1 gene expression during in vitro establishment, in vitro multiplication and acclimatization phases of coffee seedlings. Treated plants were exposed to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of 2 mT for 3 minutes while untreated plants served as controls. Magnetically treated plants showed significant increases in net photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigment concentration across phases, along with differential RBCS1 gene expression and decreased transpiration rates.
Ayrapetyan S, De J · 2014
They performed a comparative study on barley seed hydration using water pretreated with infrasound mechanical vibration, static magnetic field, extremely low frequency electromagnetic field, and microwave radiation. The authors suggest that cell hydration is a universal and extrasensitive biomarker for detection of biological effects of nonionizing radiation.
Thors B et al. · 2014
The paper investigated different methods for practical numerical radio frequency exposure compliance assessments of radio base station products. Assessments based on peak field strengths were less computationally intensive but led to larger compliance distances than spatial averaging of electromagnetic fields combined with localized SAR assessments. For adult exposure, shorter compliance distances were obtained using assessments based on localized and whole-body SAR. Numerical simulations using base station products with MIMO transmission schemes agreed with reference measurements.
Talei D, Valdiani A, Maziah M, Mohsenkhah M · 2013
Researchers analyzed the germination rate, germination percentage, and mean germination time of MR 219 rice seeds exposed to 2450 MHz microwave frequency for one, four, seven, and ten hours. Exposure for 10 hours resulted in the highest germination percentage, reaching 100% after three days with a mean germination time of 2.1 days. Other exposure times produced germination percentages ranging from 93% to 98%. Ten-hour exposure for six days significantly improved primary shoot and root length.
Pesnya DS, Romanovsky AV. · 2013
Payez A et al. · 2013
Both field types increased the speed of germination but did not affect germination percent, compared to the control group. EMF significantly reduced seedling length and vigor index I, while SMF had no effects on these parameters, but both treatments significantly increased vigor index II. Both treatments increased catalase activity and proline contents but reduced peroxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakages of membranes.
Kim J, Yoon Y, Yun S, Park GS, Lee HJ, Song K · 2012
Researchers investigated the genotoxic effect of a time-varying magnetic field on human primary fibroblasts and cervical cancer cells. Continuous exposure to a 60 Hz, 7 mT magnetic field for 10-60 minutes did not change cell viability but induced DNA double-strand breaks and activated the DNA damage checkpoint pathway without apoptosis. The exposure did not increase intracellular reactive oxygen species, suggesting the DNA breaks were not directly caused by ROS.
Jouni FJ, Abdolmaleki P, Ghanati F. · 2012
Researchers studied whether a static magnetic field affects oxidative stress in Vicia faba plants grown in soil from a high background natural radioactivity area of Iran. Plants were continuously exposed to a static magnetic field of 15 mT for 8 days, each 8 hours per day. Antioxidant enzyme activity and flavonoid content were lower in plants from both high and low natural radioactivity soils compared to the control. The results suggest that static magnetic field exposure causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and that natural radioactivity of soil exaggerates oxidative stress.
Hajnorouzi A et al. · 2011
The researchers hypothesized that an appropriate combination of a geomagnetic field as a static field and an alternative magnetic field may promote maize seedling growth by alleviating excess reactive oxygen species production. The seeds were germinated in the magnetic field for 4 days and then allowed to grow in a nutrient solution for another 4 days. Magnetic field-treated seedlings grew faster, had lower superoxide dismutase activity, and higher total antioxidant capacity than controls. The maintenance of membrane integrity and a decrease of iron content in treated seedlings suggest that the combined static and alternative magnetic fields promote growth by lowering iron absorption, reducing Fenton chemistry, and lowering oxidative burst risk.
Unknown authors · 2009
Researchers performed an independent replication of a study that reported enhanced cryptochrome-dependent responses at 500 muT. They matched the original experimental conditions and measured hypocotyl lengths and anthocyanin accumulation in seedlings grown at 500 microT with simultaneous controls at 50 microT. Additional experiments tested hypocotyl lengths at 50 microT, 1 mT, and approximately 100 mT with zero-field controls, measured expression of CHS, HY5, and GST genes, and examined blue-light intensity effects and sucrose in the growth medium. No consistent, statistically significant magnetic field responses were detected in any experiment.
Tkalec M et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed Allium cepa seeds for two hours to 400 and 900MHz fields at strengths of 10, 23, 41 and 120Vm(-1), and also tested a four-hour exposure and modulation at 23Vm(-1). Germination rate and root length did not change significantly under any exposure condition. At 900MHz, higher field strengths (41 and 120Vm(-1)) and modulated fields significantly increased the mitotic index, while all 900MHz exposures increased the percentage of mitotic abnormalities. At 400MHz, the mitotic index increased only after modulated exposure, and higher numbers of mitotic abnormalities were found after modulated exposure and after higher field strengths (41 and 120Vm(-1)). The chromosomal aberrations were mainly lagging chromosomes, vagrants, disturbed anaphases and chromosome stickiness.
Roux D et al. · 2008
Researchers investigated the role of extracellular ATP in plant responses to high-frequency, low-amplitude electromagnetic fields. Exposure to low-level 900 MHz EMF evoked accumulation of stress-related transcripts and affected ATP levels. ATP concentration dropped 27% after 30 minutes of exposure, and adenylate energy charge decreased by 18%. The authors discuss whether this reflects increased energy usage or a signaling function for ATP in stress physiology.
Roux D et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed tomato plants to 900 MHz, 5 V m(-1) electromagnetic fields for 10 minutes using a Mode Stirred Reverberation Chamber. Within minutes, stress-related mRNAs for calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and proteinase inhibitor accumulated in a rapid, large, three-phase pattern typical of an environmental stress response. Transcript accumulation was maximal at normal calcium levels, depressed at higher calcium, and completely suppressed when calcium was removed with chelators or channel blockers. Thirty minutes after exposure, ATP concentration and adenylate energy charge transiently decreased, and the uncoupler CCCP prevented transcript accumulation entirely.
Unknown authors · 2007
Researchers exposed whole wild-type tomato plants to electromagnetic radiation and observed rapid accumulation of bZIP mRNA in the terminal leaf. When only the oldest leaf was irradiated, bZIP mRNA accumulated both locally and systemically in distant leaves, though systemic accumulation was delayed. In the ABA-deficient mutant Sitiens, bZIP accumulation was reduced in both local and distant leaves, while Pin2 mRNA accumulation was stronger locally but absent systemically. Similar responses occurred in a jasmonic acid mutant and in wild-type plants treated with an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor. Calcium antagonists applied to the exposed leaf abolished both local and systemic bZIP transcript increases.
Unknown authors · 2007
Unknown authors · 2007
Researchers studied how microwave cooking time, power, and added water affect bioactive compounds in broccoli. All studied compounds decreased except mineral nutrients which remained stable under all cooking conditions. Vitamin C had the greatest losses from degradation and leaching, while phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were lost mainly through leaching into water.
Tkalec M, Malarić K, Pevalek-Kozlina B. · 2007
Researchers exposed duckweed (Lemna minor) to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 400 and 900 MHz, at field strengths of 10, 23, 41, and 120 V m−1, for 2 hours, and also tested a longer 4-hour exposure and modulated fields. After exposure, the researchers measured lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, antioxidative enzyme activities and isoenzyme patterns, and HSP70 expression. At 900 MHz, almost all exposure treatments significantly increased lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content, mostly decreased PPX activity, and did not affect CAT activity. No differences in isoenzyme patterns of antioxidative enzymes or HSP70 level were found between control and exposed plants at either frequency.
Paul AL, Ferl RJ, Meisel MW · 2006
Unknown authors · 2006
Tafforeau M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed flax seedlings to 105 GHz radiation from a Gunn oscillator for 2 hours at non-thermal levels. The exposure induced meristem production with kinetics similar to those induced by weak environmental stresses and GSM phone radiation.
Pavel A, Ungureanu CE, Bara II, Gassner P, Creanga DE · 1998
Researchers exposed wheat seeds with uniform genetic background to a microwave flow at 9.75 GHz and low intensity at various doses. Compared to controls, exposed seeds showed chromosomal aberrations including delayed chromosomes, micronuclei, interchromosomal bridges, and chromosomal fragments. The effects of microwaves at various doses on mitotic activity were also followed.
Litovitz et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed L929 cells to 60 Hz AM microwave fields or a 50 Hz burst-modulated DAMPS digital cellular phone field together with 30-100 Hz ELF noise up to 10 microT for 8 h. ODC enhancement decreased exponentially with increasing noise amplitude, with complete inhibition at 2 microT or higher for 60 Hz AM microwaves and 5 microT or higher for the DAMPS signal.
Balodis V, G Briimelis, K Kalviskis, et al. · 1996
Dr Cherry was invited by the New Zealand Ministry of Health and Ministry for the Environment to peer-review the proposal to adopt the ICNIRP guidelines for cell sites in November 1999. The review found that the ICNIRP assessment ignored all published studies showing chromosome damage and was highly selective, biased, and dismissive of genotoxic and epidemiological evidence. The assessment gave the impression of being predetermined to accept only effects from high exposures causing electric shocks or tissue heating, and it misrepresented two studies that actually showed significant increases in brain/CNS cancer.
Haider T, Knasmueller S, Kundi M, Haider M · 1994
Researchers used the Tradescantia-micronucleus bioassay to test whether short-wave electromagnetic fields used for broadcasting (10–21 MHz) may show genotoxic effects. Plant cuttings bearing young flower buds were exposed for 30 hours at various distances from broadcasting antennas, and micronucleus frequencies were compared to laboratory controls. Higher micronucleus frequencies were found at all exposure sites near the antennas where IRPA electric field strength standards were exceeded, and results at all but one site were statistically significant.
