Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. · 2015
Researchers exposed mice to 2.45 GHz HF-EMF for 60 minutes per day for 7 or 30 or 60 or 90 or 120 days. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed with the elevated plus maze, open field test, and social interaction test; OCD-like behavior with marble burying; and depression-like behavior with the forced swim test and tail suspension test. The study found no evidence that HF-EMF exposure produced anxiety, OCD, or depression-like behavior in mice up to 120 days.
Shokri S, Soltani A, Kazemi M, Sardari D, Mofrad FB. · 2015
Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n=27) were exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation in a chamber with two Wi-Fi antennas and divided into a control group and groups exposed for 1 hour or 7 hours per day for two months. Sperm parameters, caspase-3 concentrations, histomorphometric changes of testis, and apoptotic indexes were evaluated. Both exposure groups showed a decrease in sperm parameters in a time-dependent pattern, increased apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity in seminiferous tubules, and significantly reduced seminal vesicle weight compared to controls.
Sehitoglu I et al. · 2015
Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz cell-phone radiation 24 hours a day for 20 days throughout pregnancy. Seven male offspring from each group were evaluated at 60 days, with testicular size, weight, histology, and serum testosterone measured. Exposed males had lower serum testosterone (3.51±0.21 ng/ml vs 4.04±0.47 ng/ml, p=0.018), higher caspase-3 activity (2.00±0.88 vs 1.00±0.63, p=0.026), and lower Johnsen scores (8.4±0.5 vs 9.4±0.5, p=0.010) than controls.
Sangun O, Dundar B, Darici H, Comlekci S, Doguc DK, Celik S · 2015
Researchers exposed female Wistar rats to a 2450 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day starting either prenatally or postnatally, with a sham-exposed control group. Prenatal exposure led to significantly lower daily mass gain and significantly later puberty. Brain and ovary total oxidant status and oxidative stress index were significantly increased in the prenatal group compared to the control group. Serum LH levels were increased in both prenatal and postnatal groups, while FSH and E2 did not differ among groups. Histological examinations showed no statistically significant differences between groups.
Nazıroğlu M, Özkan FF, Hapil SR, Ghazizadeh V, Çiğ B · 2015
Mugunthan N et al. · 2015
Mice were exposed to 2G and 3G radiation for 48 minutes per day over periods of 30 to 180 days. Exposed mice showed significant reductions in body weight at the first, second, and fourth months, and in testis weight and volume during the first three months. Serum testosterone levels were significantly lower in exposed mice at the first, second, third, fourth, and sixth months, with no significant difference between the 2G and 3G groups. Histological analysis revealed lower seminiferous tubule density and diameter, fewer Sertoli and Leydig cells, and microscopic changes such as wide interstitium, cell detachment, vacuolar degeneration, reduced epithelial thickness, maturation arrest, and Johnson scores of 7 to 9.
Misa-Agustiño MJ et al. · 2015
Fifty-six rats were individually exposed once or repeatedly for 30 minutes to 2.45 GHz radiation at different non-thermal SARs calculated by finite difference time domain technique. The diathermy model applied maximum exposure to the left front leg to study radiation effects on nearby thyroid tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine HSP-90 expression and morphological changes in thyroid tissue. Ninety minutes after highest SAR exposure, central and peripheral follicles increased in size; twenty-four hours after 12 W exposure, peripheral follicles were smaller; and repeated 3 W exposure increased peripheral follicle size.
Misa-Agustiño MJ et al. · 2015
Gramowski-Voß A et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed differentiating murine cortical networks on multiwell microelectrode arrays to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field with alternating 10 and 16 Hz modulation on a 150 MHz carrier. The development of cortical activity was accelerated under these exposure conditions. The percentage of neurons in the co-culture increased without changing the total cell count, indicating enhanced neurogenesis. ELEMF exposure selectively promoted the proliferation of GABAergic neurons, increasing their proportion. The exposure also stimulated electrical network activity and intensified burst structure.
Bedir R et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field during the first 20 days of pregnancy. Kidney tissue from exposed fetuses showed mild congestion, tubular defects, and dilatation of Bowman's capsule. Apoptosis assessed by caspase-3 staining was stronger in exposed renal tubular cells, and serum potassium was significantly higher in the exposed group while urea, creatinine and other electrolytes did not differ.
Aydoğan F et al. · 2015
Mucociliary clearance was measured by rhinoscintigraphy and nasal tissue was examined with a transmission electron microscope. The researchers concluded that the radiation damaged the nasal septal mucosa and disturbed mucociliary clearance, with ciliary disorganization and loss causing the deterioration.
Mahdavi SM, Sahraei H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Najafi Abedi A. · 2015
Rats were exposed to 40 Hz ELF-EMF once a day for 21 days and assessed at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after exposure. Body weight significantly increased only at one week after exposure and then decreased. Food and water intake did not change significantly, while anorexia significantly decreased at one and two weeks after irradiation. Plasma glucose significantly increased at one week but not at other time points. Movements, rearing, and sniffing were significantly decreased at day 1 after exposure, with no consistent pattern on other days.
Ulubay M et al. · 2015
Researchers studied the effects of prenatal 900 MHz EMF exposure on kidney histology in four-week-old male rats using seven groups including EMF-exposed and supplement-treated groups. EMF exposure significantly increased mean kidney and cortex volume compared to controls. EMF exposure decreased the total number of glomeruli compared to controls. Melatonin and omega-3 supplementation prevented the adverse effects of EMF on the kidneys.
Topal Z et al. · 2015
Adult pregnant rats were divided into control and experimental groups, and the experimental group was exposed to a 900-MHz EMF for 1 h daily during days 13-21 of pregnancy. Male pups from both groups were sacrificed on postnatal day 21. Biochemical analyses showed increased malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase values and decreased glutathione levels in the exposed pups. Light microscopy revealed marked hydropic degeneration in the liver parenchyma, particularly in pericentral regions. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial vacuolization, endoplasmic reticulum expansion, and necrotic hepatocytes.
Saygin M, Asci H, Ozmen O, Cankara FN, Dincoglu D, Ilhan I. · 2015
Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups, including a sham group, an EMR-only group exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation for 3 hours per day for 30 days, an EMR plus gallic acid group, and a gallic acid-only group. EMR exposure increased malondialdehyde and total oxidant status levels, decreased total antioxidant status, and raised prostaglandin E2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide staining in testicular tubules. Gallic acid treatment lowered total oxidant status and oxidative stress index and raised total antioxidant status. It also reduced prostaglandin E2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide staining and increased testosterone and VEGF levels relative to the EMR-only group.
Olgar Y et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed rats to 2.1 GHz EMF for 2 hours per day over 10 weeks and compared them with sham-exposed rats. They measured sarcomere shortening, Ca2+ transients, and L-type Ca2+ currents in isolated ventricular myocytes. Exposure did not alter fractional shortening or Ca2+ transient amplitude, but reduced the isoproterenol-induced L-type Ca2+ current response while basal current density remained similar. Nitric oxide levels in heart tissue were significantly increased after EMF exposure.
Odacı E, Özyılmaz C. · 2015
Twenty-four adult male rats were divided into control, sham, and EMF groups. The EMF group was exposed to 900 MHz EMF for one hour per day over 30 days. Histopathologically, EMF-exposed rats showed vacuoles in seminiferous tubule basal membranes and edema in intertubular space. Seminiferous tubule diameters and germinal epithelium thickness were smaller, and apoptotic index was higher in the EMF group. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione values decreased significantly in the EMF group compared to controls.
Hancı H et al. · 2015
Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and EMF groups, and the EMF group received 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour per day. Male pups were examined on postnatal day 21 for effects on spleen and thymus. In the thymus, malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher and glutathione levels significantly decreased in exposed pups compared to controls. In the spleen, malondialdehyde and glutathione levels increased while superoxide dismutase values decreased significantly. Transmission electron microscopy revealed pathological changes in cell morphology in both thymus and spleen tissues.
Bin-Meferij MM, El-Kott AF · 2015
Şahin A et al. · 2015
The study consisted of control, sham-exposed, and EMF-exposed groups with six rats in each. The EMF-exposed group received 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour per day for 30 days while the sham group was placed in the same jar without exposure. Stereological analysis revealed a significantly lower total number of pyramidal neurons in the cornu ammonis of EMF-exposed rats compared to both control and sham groups, and histopathology showed abnormal cells with dark cytoplasm and shrunken morphology.
Zhao YL et al. · 2015
Mice were exposed to whole-body 2100 MHz microwaves at SARs of 0.45, 1.8, and 3.6 W/kg for 1 hour daily for 8 weeks. GO analysis showed the genes were involved in metabolic processes, cellular metabolic processes, regulation of biological processes, macromolecular metabolic processes, biosynthetic processes, cellular protein metabolic processes, transport, developmental processes, and cellular component organization. KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment in ribosome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, long-term potentiation, Huntington's disease, and Neurotrophin signaling pathways.
Wang C et al. · 2015
Masuda H et al. · 2015
The cortex tissue targeted was locally exposed to 1439 MHz RF using a figure-8 loop antenna at an averaged specific absorption rate of 2.0 W/kg in the target area for 50 min. Three microcirculatory parameters related to cerebral inflammation were measured by the cranial window method in real-time under RF exposure. No extravasation of intravenously injected fluorescent dye was observed during RF exposure. There was no significant difference either in pial venule blood flow velocity or diameter between exposed and sham-exposed rats. Histological evaluation for the brain immediately after RF exposure did not reveal any serum albumin leakage sites or degenerate neurons.
Liu YQ, Gao YB, Dong J, Yao BW, Zhao L, Peng RY. · 2015
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 0, 5, 10, and 50 mW/cm² microwave to observe dynamic pathological changes in the sinus nodes. At 10 and 50 mW/cm², acute changes from 1 to 28 days included disorganized sinoatrial node cells, cell swelling, cytoplasmic condensation, nuclear pyknosis, anachromasis, swollen and empty mitochondria, and blurred and focally dissolved myofibrils. Chronic changes from 6 to 12 months at the same intensities included reduced parenchymal cells, increased collagen fibers, and extracellular matrix remodeling of interstitial cells. The researchers concluded that 10 and 50 mW/cm² microwave could cause structural damages in the sinoatrial node and extracellular matrix remodeling in rats.
Holovská K et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed mature Wistar rats to an electromagnetic field of frequency 2.45 GHz and mean power density of 2.8 mW/cm2 for 3 h/d for 3 wk. Liver samples were obtained 3 h after the last irradiation and processed histologically for light and transmission electron microscopy. The researchers concluded that EMR exposure produced adverse effects on rat liver.
