Wilen J et al. · 2004
The study assessed electromagnetic field exposure among RF plastic sealer operators and examined their health status. Measurements showed mean electric field strength of 107 V/m and magnetic field strength of 0.24 A/m, with 11 of 46 sealers exceeding ICNIRP reference levels. RF operators, particularly ready-made clothing workers, had slightly disturbed two-point discrimination ability compared to controls. No significant difference in subjective symptom prevalence was found, but time-integrated exposure was linked to fatigue, headaches, and warmth sensations in the hands. RF operators also had significantly lower heart rate and more bradycardia episodes during 24-hour ECG monitoring.
Vorobyov V, Pesic V, Janac B, Prolic Z. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats repeatedly for three days to low-intensity 915 MHz microwaves modulated at 4 Hz and recorded EEG from the somatosensory cortex. Microwave exposure alone significantly enhanced fast EEG rhythms (18-30 Hz), an effect not seen in sham-exposed or radiation-naïve rats. In microwave-exposed rats, scopolamine did not cause the EEG slowing observed in non-exposed rats, and its effect resembled that of physostigmine in naive animals.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Pavicic I. · 2004
Researchers investigated the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation on blood-forming cells in rats. Rats were exposed to a field power density of 5-10 mW/cm2 and a whole-body average SAR of 1-2 W/kg for 2 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 2, 8, 15, or 30 days. A significant decrease in lymphoblast count was observed at 15 and 30 days, while other examined parameters did not differ significantly from sham-exposed controls.
Radzievsky AA et al. · 2004
Researchers used a murine model of B16 F10 melanoma to test millimeter wave treatment at 61.22 GHz with 13.3 x 10(-3) W/cm2 power density, 15-minute exposures to the nose. Five daily exposures starting on day five after tumor cell injection suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth. Pretreatment with naloxone completely abolished this suppression. The same treatment started on day one or day ten was ineffective.
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to pulsed GSM-like radiofrequency radiation at 9.4 GHz and 5 microW/cm2 during early gestation. They measured bone morphogenetic protein and receptor expression in newborn kidneys using semi-quantitative duplex RT-PCR. Exposure increased BMP-4 and BMPR-IA expression and decreased BMPR-II expression, with statistical significance depending on exposure timing. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules. The authors suggest these molecular changes do not affect renal organogenesis but may reflect a developmental delay, and that exposure timing influences effects.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2004
Protein kinase C activity was measured in whole brain, hippocampus, and whole brain minus hippocampus after exposure. A significant decrease in enzyme level was observed in exposed rats compared to sham-exposed rats.
Novoselova EG et al. · 2004
Researchers studied effects of weak microwaves (8.15–18 GHz, 1 µW/cm2, 1.5 h daily) and antioxidant diet on TNF production in healthy and tumor-bearing mice. Microwave radiation and antioxidant diet stimulated TNF production in cells from healthy mice. In tumor-bearing mice, microwave exposure increased TNF production compared to unirradiated mice, while antioxidant diet did not affect TNF secretion. Prolonged microwave treatment decreased tumor growth rate and increased longevity in tumor-bearing mice, but antioxidant diet did not.
Mausset-Bonnefont AL et al. · 2004
Researchers used a head-only exposure device to expose rats to 900-MHz pulsed microwaves at 6 W/kg for 15 minutes. The exposure induced a strong glial reaction in the brain, particularly in the striatum. Significant immediate effects were observed on the Kd and Bmax values of NMDA and GABA(A) receptors and on dopamine transporters, along with a decrease in NMDA receptors at the postsynaptic membrane. General locomotor behavior was not significantly altered in the short term.
Markkanen A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed wild-type and cdc48-mutant yeast cells to 900 or 872 MHz RF fields with or without UV radiation at elevated temperature. Amplitude modulated RF exposure significantly enhanced UV-induced apoptosis in cdc48-mutated cells, but unmodulated fields at the same SAR had no effect. Apoptosis was measured using the annexin V-FITC method with flow cytometry.
Mancinelli F et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed tuna myoglobin solutions at pH 3.0 to a 1.95 MHz microwave field for 3 hours at a specific absorption rate of 51±1 mW/g. They monitored heme site refolding by measuring molecular absorption in the Soret spectral region and fitted the data to a bi-exponential model. The kinetics of exposed samples appeared slowered by the microwave field. The tryptophanyl lifetime distribution of the exposed protein appeared sharper than that of non-exposed samples. The researchers suggested that microwave fields could affect the propensity of myoglobin molecules to populate specific conformational substates and alter aggregation during folding, representing a potential misfolding risk.
Lai H. · 2004
Microwave-exposed rats had a significant deficit in learning the platform location compared with sham-exposed rats. Noise exposure alone did not affect performance, but simultaneous noise exposure significantly reduced the microwave-induced learning deficit. In the probe trial, microwave-exposed rats spent less time in the target quadrant, whereas microwave-plus-noise rats performed like sham rats.
Koyama S, Isozumi Y, Suzuki Y, Taki M, Miyakoshi J. · 2004
Researchers exposed Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1 cells to 2.45-GHz electromagnetic fields for 2 hours at SARs of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 W/kg to study micronucleus formation. Micronucleus frequency in cells exposed at SARs lower than 50 W/kg did not differ from sham-exposed controls. At SARs of 100 and 200 W/kg, micronucleus frequency was significantly higher than in sham-exposed controls. The researchers also found that micronucleus frequency increased in a temperature-dependent manner when cells were heat-treated at temperatures from 38 to 42 degrees C.
Kojima M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed one eye each of 43 male pigmented rabbits to microwaves at 300 mW/cm2, either under systemic anesthesia or without anesthesia. Exposed eyes showed miosis, conjunctival congestion, corneal edema, and increased light scattering in the lens, and all of these anterior ocular changes disappeared within a week. Rabbits under systemic anesthesia showed much stronger symptoms, and their ocular temperatures were 2-9 degrees C higher than those without anesthesia.
Hinrikus H, Parts M, Lass J, Tuulik V. · 2004
Twenty healthy volunteers were exposed to 450 MHz microwaves with 7 Hz on-off modulation, with a field power density of 0.16 mW/cm2 at the scalp. The study focused on the effect of low level microwave radiation on human EEG alpha and theta rhythms. Microwave and photic exposure did not cause statistically significant changes in EEG activity for the whole group, though changes varied strongly from subject to subject.
Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. · 2004
Rats were tested in a 12-arm radial-maze after daily exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves for 45 minutes at a SAR of 0.6 W/kg. The performance of exposed rats was comparable to that found in sham-exposed or in naive rats.
Capri M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors in vitro to a 900 MHz GSM or continuous-wave (CW) radiofrequency field for 1 hour per day for 3 days. The researchers studied mitogen-induced proliferation, cell cycle progression, spontaneous and induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential. GSM-exposed cells showed a slight decrease in proliferation at the lowest mitogen concentration and a slight increase in cells with altered phosphatidylserine distribution, but cell cycle phases, mitochondrial membrane potential, and susceptibility to apoptosis were unaffected. When cells were exposed to the CW radiofrequency field, no significant modifications were observed for any of the endpoints studied.
Anderson LE et al. · 2004
Researchers set out to determine whether long-term exposure to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency field would affect cancer incidence in Fischer 344 rats. Offspring were exposed to near-field radiofrequency signals at brain SAR levels of 1.6 W/kg or 0.16 W/kg for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, from about 36 days old until they were 2 years old. No statistically significant differences were found among treatment groups for neoplastic lesions or other clinical signs.
Aksen F, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Askin M, Dasdag MM. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to radiofrequency radiation from cellular phones to study effects on trace elements, T1 relaxation times, and rectal temperature. Manganese and zinc levels in the serum of exposed rats were significantly different from the control group. Iron, copper, and T1 relaxation times in serum did not change significantly, and rectal temperature also showed no statistically significant difference between groups.
Zmyslony M, Politanski P, Rajkowska E, Szymczak W, Jajte J. · 2004
Researchers tested whether 930 MHz continuous wave electromagnetic radiation affects reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in rat lymphocytes. Acute exposure of 5 and 15 minutes did not affect ROS levels on its own. When iron ions were added to stimulate ROS production, the ROS level was significantly greater in exposed lymphocytes after both exposure durations.
Ozguner F, Aydin G, Mollaoglu H, Gokalp O, Koyu A, Cesur G. · 2004
Researchers used thirty male Wistar-Albino rats divided into a nontreated control group, an irradiated group, and an irradiated group that also received melatonin. The irradiated group received 900 MHz radiation for 10 days at 30 minutes per day, and skin grafts were taken from the thoraco-abdominal area at the end of the tenth day. In the irradiated group, researchers observed increased thickness of stratum corneum, atrophy of epidermis, papillamatosis, basal cell proliferation, hypergranulosis, capillary proliferation, and impairment in collagen tissue distribution compared to the control group. Most of these changes, except hypergranulosis, were prevented with melatonin treatment.
Zmyślony M et al. · 2004
Zmyslony M, Rajkowska E, Mamrot P, Politanski P, Jajte J · 2004
Researchers tested whether weak 50 Hz magnetic fields affect the number of free oxygen radicals in rat lymphocytes in vitro. Rat lymphocytes were exposed for one hour to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 20, 40, or 200 μT, with the field axis either along or crosswise to Earth's static magnetic field. Only at 40 μT, when the field was directed along Earth's static magnetic field, was there a decrease in fluorescence compared to non-exposed samples.
Rollwitz J, Lupke M, Simkó M · 2004
Researchers studied the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on free radical production in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and monocytes. Exposure to the magnetic fields at a flux density of 1 mT produced a significant increase in free radical production in both cell types. The radicals produced were mainly superoxide anion radicals, found in macrophages at 33% and in their precursor cells at 24%.
Lupke M, Rollwitz J, Simkó M. · 2004
Researchers investigated how 50 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic fields activate human cells to release reactive oxygen intermediates. They examined free radical production in human umbilical cord blood-derived monocytes and in human Mono Mac 6 cells. Exposure to 1 mT ELF-MF for 45 minutes produced a significant increase in superoxide radical anion production of up to 1.4 fold and an increase in ROS release of up to 1.2 fold in monocytes. Mono Mac 6 cells showed superoxide radical anion and ROS production of up to 1.4 and 1.5 fold, respectively, leading the researchers to suggest these cells are more sensitive to ELF-MF than monocytes.
Lee BC et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated whether a 60 Hz magnetic field could affect the antioxidant defense system in mouse brain by measuring chemiluminescence and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in brain homogenates. A chemiluminescence measure linked to oxidative stress was significantly increased in mice exposed to 60 Hz, 12 G for 3 hours compared to the sham-exposed control group. Brain SOD activity was also significantly increased in the exposed group. The researchers suggest these results indicate the field could deteriorate the antioxidant defensive system through reactive oxygen species other than superoxide radicals.
