Mausset A, de Seze R, Montpeyroux F, Privat A · 2001
Researchers injected rats with gamma-vinyl-GABA to increase GABA levels and then used immunohistochemistry and image analysis to measure cerebellar GABA content. They exposed rats to 900 MHz pulsed radiofrequency at 4 W/kg SAR and continuous waves at 32 W/kg SAR. Pulsed exposure selectively reduced the stained processes area in the Purkinje cell layer, while continuous exposure decreased optical density in all three cell layers. The authors noted that it is unknown whether these effects are partly due to local tissue heating.
Kainz W, Neubauer G, Alesch F, Schmid G, Jahn O. · 2001
Researchers reviewed published studies on the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic implants, sorting the available literature by combinations of implant types and sources of interference. Several experiments on the susceptibility of pacemakers to mobile phones had been performed, and results suggested measures that may be used to prevent disturbance of pacemakers. For some combinations, such as cardiac pacemakers and base station antennas, no studies were found in the literature.
Lushnikov et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed healthy male NMRI mice to 42.0 GHz electromagnetic radiation at an energy flux density of 0.15 mW/cm2 under several different exposure regimes. After repeated exposures for 20 days before immunization, thymic cellularity was reduced by 17.5% and spleen cellularity by 14.5%, both statistically significant. The humoral immune response itself did not change significantly under any of the exposure regimes tested.
S. Kwee, P. Raskmark & S. Velizarov · 2001
Researchers exposed transformed human epithelial amnion (AMA) cells to a microwave field simulating the GSM signal at 960 MHz for 20 minutes. The field generated a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2.1 mW.kg−1 in the cells, and exposures were carried out at temperatures of 35, 37, and 40 ± 0.1°C. Higher amounts of Hsp-70 were found in exposed cells at 35 and 37°C compared with sham-exposed cells, while Hsp-27 showed no significant response. The researchers considered these effects athermal because the field strength was much lower than the safety standard for absence of heat generation by microwave fields.
Jech R et al. · 2001
Hanada E, Kodama K, Takano K, Watanabe Y, Nose Y. · 2001
Researchers measured electric field intensity from radio waves entering an 11-floor hospital that was under construction. The highest level recorded was about 200 V/m at 2.79 GHz, coming from airport surveillance radar. The maximum intensity from cellular phone base stations was 1.78 V/m. The researchers concluded that each hospital in urban areas should measure its own electromagnetic environment to help prevent interference with electronic medical equipment.
Finnie JW et al. · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of GSM radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in the mouse brain using an exposure system operating at 898.4 MHz. Mice were given a single whole-body exposure for 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg, while control mice were sham-exposed or permitted free movement in a cage. No significant difference in albumin extravasation was detected between any of the groups.
De Roos AJ et al. · 2001
Researchers examined parental occupational exposures to electromagnetic fields and radiation and the incidence of neuroblastoma in offspring. Cases were 538 children diagnosed with neuroblastoma between 1992 and 1994 in the United States or Canada, and age-matched controls were selected by random-digit dialing. Maternal exposure to a broad grouping of sources that produce radiofrequency radiation was associated with an increased incidence of neuroblastoma, with an odds ratio of 2.8 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.9 to 8.7. However, the broad groupings of sources that produce ELF fields, radiofrequency radiation, or ionizing radiation were not associated with neuroblastoma.
Cranfield CG, Wood AW, Anderson V, Menezes KG. · 2001
Researchers tested whether simulated GSM mobile phone signals at 915 MHz and 2 W kg(-1) influence calcium concentration or calcium signalling patterns in a human lymphocyte cell line. No significant changes were found in the regression slope of calcium fluorescence, mean calcium concentration, number of calcium spikes, or mean height of those spikes. A significant alteration in average frequency from Fourier spectra was found in one category only: pulsed wave exposure of activated cells.
Boscol P et al. · 2001
The study investigated the immune systems of 19 women with a mean age of 35 years who had been exposed to electromagnetic fields from radiotelevision broadcasting stations in their residential area for at least 2 years, with a mean exposure duration of 13 years. The exposed group had mean field levels of 4.3 plus or minus 1.4 V/m in the range 500 KHz to 3 GHz, while the control group had nearby residential exposure of less than 1.8 V/m. The exposed women showed statistically significant reductions in several immune cell types and lower in vitro production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The researchers concluded that high frequency electromagnetic fields reduce cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of women without a dose-response effect.
Alhekail ZO. · 2001
Researchers surveyed microwave ovens used in households and restaurants in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. One oven leaked more than the 5 mW cm-2 limit, and fifteen others leaked 1 mW cm-2 or more, with the rest leaking less. The researchers concluded that a detrimental effect on health is an unlikely result of exposure to radiation from microwave ovens.
Lyskov E, Sandström M, Mild KH · 2001
Researchers investigated possible neurophysiological effects of an intermittent 15 sec on/off cycle, 60 Hz, 10 μT magnetic field on patients with perceived electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) and control subjects during rest and a mental arithmetic task. Magnetic field exposure did not affect autonomic system or electroencephalographic variables in either group. EHS patients and controls showed significant differences in heart rate, heart rate spectrum ratio, and electrodermal activity, while EEG characteristics did not differ between groups.
Simkó M, Droste S, Kriehuber R, Weiss DG · 2001
Researchers examined the effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on phagocytosis and free radical production in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed in vitro to magnetic field densities of 0.5 to 1.5 mT. Short-time exposure of 45 minutes resulted in a significantly increased phagocytic uptake of 36.3% plus or minus 15.1%, as measured by the internalization rate of latex beads. A significant increase in superoxide production was also detected after exposure to electromagnetic fields. Because co-exposure to electromagnetic fields and TPA showed no additive increase in bead uptake, researchers concluded that the electromagnetic fields-induced stimulation does not involve the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway.
Jajte J, Zmyślony M, Palus J, Dziubałtowska E, Rajkowska E. · 2001
Researchers used the alkaline comet assay to assess DNA damage in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to iron ions and a 50 Hz magnetic field. Cell samples were incubated for 3 hours in Helmholtz coils at 7 mT 50 Hz, and some were treated with ferrous chloride at 10 μg/ml during that exposure. A significant increase in cells with DNA damage was found only after simultaneous exposure to ferrous chloride and the 7 mT 50 Hz magnetic field, compared to control samples or those incubated with ferrous chloride alone. When cells were treated with melatonin before that combined exposure, the number of damaged cells was significantly reduced, with the reduction reaching about 50% at 0.5 mM and about 100% at 1.0 mM.
Fernie KJ, Bird DM. · 2001
Researchers investigated whether exposure to magnetic and electric fields similar to those from power lines induces an immune response and alters oxidative stress levels in American kestrels. Captive male kestrels were bred under control or EMF conditions equivalent to those experienced by wild kestrels. Short-term EMF exposure suppressed plasma total proteins, hematocrits, and carotenoids in the first half of the breeding season, and also suppressed erythrocyte cells and lymphocyte proportions while elevating granulosa proportions at the end of the breeding season. Long-term EMF exposure may be linked to higher levels of oxidative stress through EMF exposure only, and also suppressed hematocrits in the first half of the reproductive period.
Sykes PJ, McCallum BD, Bangay MJ, Hooker AM, Morley AA. · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of pulsed 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 4 W/kg on somatic intrachromosomal recombination in the spleen of pKZ1 mice. Mice were exposed daily for 30 minutes to 900 MHz fields for 1, 5, or 25 days, and spleen sections were screened for DNA inversion events three days after the last exposure. There was no significant difference between control and treated groups in the 1- and 5-day exposure groups, but a significant reduction in inversions was found in the 25-day group.
Trosic I · 2001
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz microwaves at power densities of 5 to 15 mW/cm², in sessions of two hours each, with groups receiving 2, 8, 13, or 22 treatments. Multinucleated cells significantly increased (p<0.01) in treated animals, with the elevation being time- and dose-dependent. Cell viability did not significantly change in the irradiated animal group compared with the control group.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers incubated isolated rat lymphocytes for three hours in 7 mT static or 50 Hz magnetic fields, with some samples receiving iron chloride or hydrogen peroxide. Magnetic field exposure alone did not increase DNA damage in the comet assay. Iron chloride alone also did not produce detectable DNA damage. However, combined exposure to iron chloride and magnetic fields significantly increased damaged cells to about 20 percent for static fields and 15 percent for 50 Hz fields. Control samples showed about 97 percent of cells without DNA damage.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed mouse m5S cells to power-line frequency magnetic fields at flux densities of 5, 50, and 400 mT for 40 hours. Cells were either untreated or pretreated with mitomycin C or X-rays before exposure. Exposure to 400 mT fields significantly increased chromosomal aberration frequency compared to unexposed controls. The induced aberrations were predominantly chromatid-type, with a three-fold increase at 400 mT. ELFMF exposure also deepened S or G2 arrest after DNA damage.
Unknown authors · 2000
Daudi cells were exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields for 20, 40 or 60 min at flux densities of 12.5, 50, 100 or 500 microT. Exposures included sham/sham, exposed/sham or sham/exposed conditions with blinding, and 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment was used as a positive control. Human MYC expression was measured by northern blot hybridization as an indicator of the responsiveness of Daudi cells to experimental conditions, and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) expression was measured simultaneously as an internal control. Exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields did not significantly alter MYC expression in Daudi cells under any exposure condition.
Unknown authors · 2000
The researchers studied the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields combined with mild heat shock on reporter gene expression in two transgenic strains of Caenorhabditis elegans. Reporter gene expression was measured by scoring animals with induced beta-galactosidase activity after staining in toto or by biochemical quantitation of enzyme activity. They defined experimental conditions where electromagnetic fields strongly enhanced the expression of the reporter gene.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers used a bacterial conjugation assay with Escherichia coli carrying the transposable element Tn5 as the donor strain. Donor cultures exposed to a 50 Hz, 1.2 mT magnetic field showed stimulated transposition of chromosomal Tn5 to an extrachromosomal episome and subsequent transfer to recipient cells. The transposition increase was mediated by induced synthesis and accumulation of the heat shock proteins DnaK/J. Magnetic field exposure was found to be stimulatory to transposition activity, similar to heat shock and UV irradiation.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers used Escherichia coli strain XL-1 Blue as the host and hydroxylamine-mutagenized plasmid pUC8 as the vector for assessment. Bacterial transformants exposed to a 50 Hz magnetic field showed lower percentages of white colonies than unexposed transformants. The lower white colony percentage indicated that DNA repair efficiency had improved. The improvement was mediated by induced overproduction of heat shock proteins DnaK/J (Hsp70/40).
Unknown authors · 2000
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers attempted to replicate earlier findings by testing whether a 1.5-G 50-Hz magnetic field alters intracellular free calcium in Jurkat lymphocyte T-cells. Cells were randomly assigned to magnetic field, sham field, or no-field exposures for 8 minutes each in a blinded design. The percentage of cells showing calcium transients was 16.5% for magnetic field, 14.6% for sham, and 14.2% for no field, with no statistically significant differences among them. The authors concluded that their methods did not identify responsive cells, if such cells exist, and that the results do not rule out a magnetic field effect on calcium.
