Unknown authors · 2011
In vitro studies used several cell types from both humans and rodents, including primary cells, embryonic cell lines, undifferentiated cancer cell lines, and stem cells. Gene and protein expression were not significantly changed by exposure in nine out of 15 studies. Genotoxicity was evaluated in 13 papers and in most of these studies no DNA damage was detected; eight studies failed to demonstrate induction of apoptosis and three reported lack of oxidative stress induction by RF exposures. Few papers have been published on low level exposure of immature animals and the available results are very limited, but the evidence does not indicate that prenatal or early postnatal exposures are associated with acute adverse responses or long-term detrimental changes.
Unknown authors · 2011
The review noted that in 2004 very few studies on radiofrequency fields and children were available, and WHO later identified this as a high priority research area. It described a few cross-sectional studies on well-being, cognitive effects, and behavioral problems, plus some cohort studies mainly on maternal mobile phone use during pregnancy. The review highlighted methodological limitations including cross-sectional designs that cannot determine temporal sequence, potential reversed causality, recall errors in self-reported use, and lack of confounding control.
Peyman A et al. · 2011
Researchers measured radiofrequency power densities and total emitted powers from Wi-Fi devices used in UK schools. A 20 MHz bandwidth signal analyzer captured the whole Wi-Fi signal, unlike previous studies. Laptop radiation patterns showed a minimum toward the user's torso and two maxima symmetrically opposed across a vertical plane bisecting the screen and keyboard. Spherically-integrated radiated power for laptops ranged from 5 to 17 mW at 2.45 GHz and from 1 to 16 mW at 5 GHz, while hemispherically-integrated power for access points ranged from 3 to 28 mW at 2.4 GHz and from 3 to 29 mW at 5 GHz, and power densities at 0.5 m and greater were all much lower than the ICNIRP reference level.
Lindholm H et al. · 2011
Each exposure and sham period lasted 15 minutes and took place in a climatic chamber under controlled thermoneutral conditions. They measured ear canal temperature, skin temperature at multiple sites, local cerebral blood flow via near-infrared spectroscopy, and autonomic nervous system function via ECG and continuous blood pressure. During the short-term RF exposure, local cerebral blood flow did not change, ear canal temperature did not increase significantly, and autonomic nervous system function was not interfered with.
Lee HJ et al. · 2011
Researchers examined the effects of combined exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on rat testicular function, specifically spermatogenesis. Male rats were exposed to CDMA and WCDMA RF signals for 12 weeks at 45 minutes per day, 5 days per week, with a whole-body average SAR of 2.0 W/kg each or 4.0 W/kg total. They investigated sperm count, testosterone concentration, malondialdehyde concentrations, spermatogenesis stages, and apoptotic cells in the testes.
Lee HJ et al. · 2011
Six-week-old AKR/J mice were simultaneously exposed to CDMA and WCDMA RF-EMFs for 45 minutes per day, five days per week, for 42 weeks. The whole-body average SAR was 2.0 W/kg for each signal, totaling 4.0 W/kg. No differences were found in final survival, lymphoma incidence, or splenomegaly incidence between sham- and RF-exposed mice. However, brain metastasis infiltration in lymphoma-bearing mice was significantly different in RF-exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice, with no consistent correlation between sexes. Infiltration to liver, lung, and spleen did not differ between groups.
Kwon MK, Nam KC, Lee da S, Jang KH, Kim DW. · 2011
Researchers conducted a double-blind provocation study with 10 self-reported electromagnetic hypersensitivity and 10 non-hypersensitivity volunteers. Participants were exposed to WCDMA RF fields at 1950 MHz with 24 dBm output and a specific absorption rate of 1.57 W/kg for 30 minutes. The 30-minute exposure did not produce any physiological changes in either group.
Jin YB, Lee HJ, Seon Lee J, Pack JK, Kim N, Lee YS. · 2011
Researchers exposed two groups of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats to CDMA and WCDMA radiofrequency fields simultaneously at 2.0 W/kg each for 45 minutes per day, five days a week, for one year. No significant alteration in body weight was observed with the combined exposure. Total tumour incidence did not differ between exposed and sham-exposed animals. Most exposed rats showed no significant changes in urinalysis, haematology, blood biochemistry, or histopathology. However, some altered parameters in complete blood count and serum chemistry were seen in exposed rats.
Ibitoye ZA, Aweda AM. · 2011
Heinrich S, Thomas S, Heumann C, von Kries R, Radon K. · 2011
Researchers investigated the association between RF EMF exposure and chronic well-being in 3022 children and adolescents using personal dosimetry. Measured exposure levels were far below ICNIRP reference levels. The most reported chronic symptom was fatigue. No statistically significant association between measured exposure and chronic symptoms was observed. Results do not indicate an association between measured RF EMF exposure and chronic well-being.
Bourthoumieu S et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the potential induction of genomic instability by GSM-900 MHz radiofrequency radiation in human amniotic cells exposed for 24 h to average-specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1, 2 and 4 W/kg. The rate of aneuploidy of chromosomes 11 and 17 was determined by interphase FISH immediately after independent exposure of three different donors for 24 h. No significant change in the rate of aneuploidy of chromosomes 11 and 17 was found at average SAR up to 4 W/kg.
Sakurai T et al. · 2011
The study used DNA microarray to examine gene expression in SVGp12 human glial cells after exposure to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave RF fields at SARs of 1, 5, and 10 W/kg for 1, 4, and 24 hours. Microarray analysis identified 23 assigned and 5 non-assigned gene spots as potentially altered. Follow-up RT-PCR analysis of Twenty-two genes showed no significant alterations in gene expression. The authors concluded that under their experimental conditions they found no evidence that RF field exposure affected gene expression in SVGp12 cells.
Rufo MM, Paniagua JM, Jiménez A, Antolín A · 2011
Researchers measured radiofrequency total power densities and power density spectra in 35 towns in Extremadura, Spain. The spectra were taken with three antennas covering frequencies from 100 kHz to 2.2 GHz. Results showed power density levels below reference level guidelines for human exposure and differing across frequency ranges and town size categories.
Lukac N et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed bovine semen to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF-EMW in vitro and measured motility at 0, 30, 120, and 420 minutes using a computer-assisted semen analyzer. The percentage of motile and progressively motile sperm decreased significantly after 120 and 420 minutes of exposure. Average path distance decreased after 30 and 420 minutes, while path velocity initially increased at 30 minutes but decreased at 420 minutes. Amplitude of lateral head displacement also decreased significantly after 420 minutes.
Buchner K, Eger H. · 2011
Researchers followed 60 participants for one and a half years after a new GSM base station was installed in Rimbach, Bavaria. Adrenaline and noradrenaline levels increased significantly during the first six months, while dopamine levels decreased substantially. Phenylethylamine levels dropped significantly over the study period, and initial neurotransmitter levels were not restored after one and a half years. The effects showed a dose-response relationship and occurred well below current limits for technical RF radiation exposures.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus using c-Fos protein expression as a marker of cellular activation. Rats were exposed once or repeatedly (ten times in two weeks) to 2.45 GHz radiation at power intensities of 3 and 12 W in a GTEM cell, with SAR determined by Finite Difference Time Domain calculation. High SAR increased c-Fos expression at 90 minutes and 24 hours post-exposure, low SAR increased c-Fos counts at 24 hours, and repeated 3 W exposure increased PVN activation by more than 100% compared to acute exposure and non-radiated controls.
Hareuveny R, Eliyahu I, Luria R, Meiran N, Margaliot M. · 2011
Researchers tested 29 right-handed men with phones on both sides of the head during a spatial working memory task. External antennas were used to prevent RF radiation from the phones' internal antennas. Despite drastically reduced RF exposure, results were similar to earlier studies where phones emitted RF radiation. The authors conclude that some effects previously linked to RF radiation may come from other factors.
Sannino A et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes in G0, G1, or S-phase to 900 MHz RF at 1.25 W/kg for 20 hours, then treated them with mitomycin C. The incidence of micronuclei was evaluated to determine adaptive response. Cells exposed in S-phase showed an adaptive response, while those exposed in G0 or G1 did not.
Prochnow N et al. · 2011
Researchers applied UMTS radio-frequency signals to male Wistar rats at whole-brain SAR levels of 0, 2, and 10 W/kg for 120 minutes. They measured stress hormones corticosterone and ACTH and recorded hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Cage exposure increased corticosterone and ACTH levels and was associated with generally decreased LTP and LTD. At 2 W/kg the rats showed no difference from sham in LTP and LTD, while at 10 W/kg a significant reduction in both was observed.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the mutagenic and morphologic effects of 1.8GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation, alone and combined with Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) pre-treatment, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using Sister Chromatid Exchange and electron microscopy. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in Sister Chromatid Exchange frequency in RF-exposed lymphocytes compared to sham controls. RF radiation also inhibited cell viability in a time-dependent manner, and EGb 761 pre-treatment significantly increased cell viability at 8 and 24 hours compared to RF-exposed groups alone.
Aly H., Ashraf & deris, Safaai & Zaki, Nazar. (2011). · 2011
Researchers investigated whether radiofrequency field exposure could affect the activity of human immune system cells by studying the activity and behavior of human leukocytes upon exposure to radiofrequency fields. Human blood leukocytes were exposed to 1800 MHz RF radiation (SAR of 1.25 W/Kg, Power density of 0.1 mW/cm2) from a mobile phone when placed within a distance of 5 cm from the microscope stage. The maximum speed exceeded that measured at any temperature by approximately 50%, and a significant change was observed in leukocyte movement direction and cell behavior, including shrinking, expanding, and rolling.
Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D, Franken DR. · 2011
Highly motile human spermatozoa were exposed for 1 hour to 900-MHz mobile phone radiation at a specific absorption rate of 2.0 W/kg and examined at various times after exposure. The radiation did not affect the sperm acrosome reaction, but significant reductions were found in sperm head area and acrosome percentage of the head area among exposed sperm compared with unexposed controls. The mean number of zona-bound sperm was 22.8 in exposed samples versus 31.8 in controls, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The researchers concluded that these results could indicate a significant effect of RF-EMF on sperm fertilization potential.
Cao Y, Xu Q, Jin ZD, Zhou Z, Nie JH, Tong J. · 2011
Adult male Kunming mice were exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at power intensities of 12, 120 and 1200 μW/cm(2) for 1 h/day for 14 days and then subjected to whole body gamma-irradiation. Compared with mice exposed to gamma-radiation alone, the RF pre-exposed mice showed a significant increase in survival time and a reduction in hematopoietic tissue damage. The researchers described this effect as appearing similar to the 'adaptive response' which is well documented in scientific literature.
Monselise EB, Levkovitz A, Gottlieb HE, Kost D · 2011
Researchers exposed water plants (etiolated duckweed) for 24 hours to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields ranging between 1.8 V m(-1) and 7.8 V m(-1), generated by AM 1.287 MHz transmitting antennas. The exposure resulted in alanine accumulation in the plant cells, which the researchers describe as a universal stress signal. The magnitude of the effect corresponds qualitatively to the level of RF-EMF exposure. When vitamin C at 10 mM was present, alanine accumulation was completely suppressed, suggesting the involvement of free radicals in the process.
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. · 2011
The study investigated the effect of mobile phone exposure on fertility-related markers in 70-day-old male Wistar rats. Rats were exposed in Plexiglas cages for 2 hours a day for 35 days, with a specific absorption rate estimated at 0.9 W/kg. In exposed rats, antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase decreased, while malondialdehyde and free radical generation increased significantly. The researchers concluded that radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from commercially available cell phones might affect the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa.
