Tahvanainen K et al. · 2004
Researchers conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with 32 healthy subjects exposed to 900 MHz (2 W) and 1800 MHz (1 W) cellular phone signals and sham exposure in separate sessions. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate did not change significantly during or after the 35-minute RF exposures at either frequency compared to sham exposure. Blood pressure was measured with an arm cuff and heart rate was recorded during and after each 35-minute exposure session.
Sandrini L et al. · 2004
Researchers created a female dielectric anatomical model and compared power absorption in male and female models from 0.1 to 4 GHz. Whole-body-averaged SAR was higher in the female model, mainly due to a thicker subcutaneous fat layer. Maximum 1 g and 10 g averaged SAR did not depend on gender because it occurs in regions without subcutaneous fat.
Ono T et al. · 2004
A possible mutagenic effect of 2.45 GHz radiofrequency exposure was examined using lacZ-transgenic MutaTM mice. Offspring were exposed in utero for 16 hours a day from embryonic day 0 to 15 and examined at 10 weeks of age. Mutation frequencies at the lacZ gene in spleen, liver, brain, and testis were similar to those in non-exposed mice. Sequencing of mutant DNAs showed no appreciable difference in mutation quality between exposed and non-exposed samples.
Capri M et al. · 2004
Researchers studied whether prolonged in vitro exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency could affect human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and elderly donors by altering apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and heat shock protein 70 levels. Three GSM signal modulations (Basic, DTX, and Talk) were applied at specific absorption rates of 1.4 and 2.0 W kg−1. Endpoints were analyzed both with and without the apoptosis-inducing agent 2-deoxy-D-ribose. No significant difference was found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells for any endpoint. The 1800 MHz RF did not induce apoptosis on its own, did not alter apoptosis triggered by an agent, and did not change mitochondrial function or HSP 70 expression.
Hook GJ et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed Molt-4 T lymphoblastoid cells to CDMA, FDMA, iDEN, and TDMA modulated RF radiation for up to 24 hours. DNA damage was measured with the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay and apoptosis with the annexin V affinity assay. No statistically significant difference in DNA damage or apoptosis was observed between sham and exposed cells for any frequency, modulation, or exposure time.
Hook et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed J774.16 mouse macrophage cells to FMCW radiation at 835.62 MHz and CDMA radiation at 847.74 MHz for 20–22 hours at a specific absorption rate of 0.8 W/kg. Cells were stimulated with γ-interferon and bacterial lipopolysaccharide before exposure. The results indicated that FMCW- and CDMA-modulated RF radiation did not alter parameters indicative of oxidative stress in J774.16 cells.
Prohofsky EW · 2004
Nagaoka T et al. · 2004
Researchers created realistic high-resolution whole-body voxel models for Japanese adult males and females of average height and weight using magnetic resonance imaging. The models consist of 2 mm cubic voxels segmented into 51 anatomic regions. The adult female model is the first of its kind worldwide, and both are the first Asian voxel models enabling numerical evaluation of electromagnetic dosimetry at frequencies up to 3 GHz. The paper describes basic SAR characteristics for VHF/UHF bands calculated using the finite-difference time-domain method.
Munoz S, Sebastian JL, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2004
Researchers calculated the transmembrane voltage induced on erythrocyte, codocyte, ovalocyte, and spherocyte cell models exposed to a linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave at 1800 MHz. The induced voltage on the original erythrocyte shape was higher than on the altered cell geometries. Erythrocyte shape and membrane electric permittivity were found to play a fundamental role in the induced transmembrane voltage values. A finite element numerical technique with adaptive meshing was used for the calculations.
Maby E et al. · 2004
Researchers studied GSM phone radiofrequency effects on human cerebral activity using auditory evoked potentials. N100 amplitudes were reduced under GSM radiofrequency influence with mean attenuation of -0.36 microV for healthy subjects and -0.60 microV for epileptic patients. Healthy subjects also showed a N100 latency decrease of -5.23 ms in mean. The auditory cortical activity was modified but an effect on brain functionality has not been proven.
L'Abbate N et al. · 2004
Berg G, Schuz J, Samkange-Zeeb F, Blettner M. · 2004
Researchers validated self-reported mobile phone use by comparing it with cumulative emitted power measured by software-modified phones used by 45 volunteers for one month. Self-reported call number correlated with cumulative power at 0.50 and call duration at 0.48, each explaining about 23% of the variance in emitted power. Adding confounding factors such as network provider, contract form, and phone model increased explained variance to 26%, while using the phone while driving or in urban or rural areas showed no association with cumulative power.
Wilen J et al. · 2004
The study assessed electromagnetic field exposure among RF plastic sealer operators and examined their health status. Measurements showed mean electric field strength of 107 V/m and magnetic field strength of 0.24 A/m, with 11 of 46 sealers exceeding ICNIRP reference levels. RF operators, particularly ready-made clothing workers, had slightly disturbed two-point discrimination ability compared to controls. No significant difference in subjective symptom prevalence was found, but time-integrated exposure was linked to fatigue, headaches, and warmth sensations in the hands. RF operators also had significantly lower heart rate and more bradycardia episodes during 24-hour ECG monitoring.
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to pulsed GSM-like radiofrequency radiation at 9.4 GHz and 5 microW/cm2 during early gestation. They measured bone morphogenetic protein and receptor expression in newborn kidneys using semi-quantitative duplex RT-PCR. Exposure increased BMP-4 and BMPR-IA expression and decreased BMPR-II expression, with statistical significance depending on exposure timing. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules. The authors suggest these molecular changes do not affect renal organogenesis but may reflect a developmental delay, and that exposure timing influences effects.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2004
Protein kinase C activity was measured in whole brain, hippocampus, and whole brain minus hippocampus after exposure. A significant decrease in enzyme level was observed in exposed rats compared to sham-exposed rats.
Markkanen A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed wild-type and cdc48-mutant yeast cells to 900 or 872 MHz RF fields with or without UV radiation at elevated temperature. Amplitude modulated RF exposure significantly enhanced UV-induced apoptosis in cdc48-mutated cells, but unmodulated fields at the same SAR had no effect. Apoptosis was measured using the annexin V-FITC method with flow cytometry.
Capri M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors in vitro to a 900 MHz GSM or continuous-wave (CW) radiofrequency field for 1 hour per day for 3 days. The researchers studied mitogen-induced proliferation, cell cycle progression, spontaneous and induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential. GSM-exposed cells showed a slight decrease in proliferation at the lowest mitogen concentration and a slight increase in cells with altered phosphatidylserine distribution, but cell cycle phases, mitochondrial membrane potential, and susceptibility to apoptosis were unaffected. When cells were exposed to the CW radiofrequency field, no significant modifications were observed for any of the endpoints studied.
Anderson LE et al. · 2004
Researchers set out to determine whether long-term exposure to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency field would affect cancer incidence in Fischer 344 rats. Offspring were exposed to near-field radiofrequency signals at brain SAR levels of 1.6 W/kg or 0.16 W/kg for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, from about 36 days old until they were 2 years old. No statistically significant differences were found among treatment groups for neoplastic lesions or other clinical signs.
Aksen F, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Askin M, Dasdag MM. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to radiofrequency radiation from cellular phones to study effects on trace elements, T1 relaxation times, and rectal temperature. Manganese and zinc levels in the serum of exposed rats were significantly different from the control group. Iron, copper, and T1 relaxation times in serum did not change significantly, and rectal temperature also showed no statistically significant difference between groups.
Busljeta I, Trosic I, Milkovic-Kraus S. · 2004
The study observed erythropoietic changes in rats subchronically exposed to radiofrequency microwave radiation at a nonthermal level. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous RF/MW fields for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at 5 – 10 mW/cm2. In exposed animals, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit were increased in peripheral blood on irradiation days 8 and 15. Anuclear cells and erythropoietic precursor cells were significantly decreased in the bone marrow on day 15, while micronucleated cells' frequency was increased.
La Regina M et al. · 2003
Eighty male and 80 female rats were randomly placed in each of three irradiation groups: sham, 835.62 MHz FDMA, and 847.74 MHz CDMA, with exposure 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 2 years. There were no significant differences in final body weights or survival days between groups, and no significant differences in any tumor incidence between treated and sham-exposed animals. The researchers concluded that chronic exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA RF radiation had no significant effect on spontaneous tumor incidence in F344 rats.
Heikkinen P et al. · 2003
Researchers evaluated the effects of low-level radiofrequency radiation on ultraviolet-induced skin tumorigenesis in ornithine decarboxylase transgenic and non-transgenic mice. UV exposure caused macroscopic skin tumours in 11.5% of non-transgenic and 36.8% of transgenic animals. Radiofrequency radiation did not significantly affect tumour development in either mouse type, though tumour appearance was slightly accelerated in non-transgenic animals. RFR exposure did not affect urinary melatonin metabolite excretion or skin polyamine levels.
Cranfield CG, Wieser HG, Dobson J. · 2003
Researchers exposed magnetic bacteria to simulated mobile phone RF radiation and found no impact on mortality. Repeat experiments with only the GSM RF component in a waveguide system showed no significant change in cell mortality compared to sham exposures. A nonmagnetite control strain also showed no significant change in mortality between RF and sham samples.
Cook A, Woodward A, Pearce N, Marshall C. · 2003
Researchers investigated whether trends in tumour incidence rates in New Zealand varied since the introduction of cellular telephones in 1987. The exposure measure was the proportion of cellular telephone subscribers within the national population. They compared trends in tumour rates at anatomical sites receiving high, medium, and low levels of cellular telephone radiation based on dosimetry data. Graphs for high, medium, and low exposure sites showed no significant changes in trend patterns for either gender from 1986 to 1998. Incidence rates for head and neck malignancies, including sites hypothetically receiving the highest radiofrequency radiation, did not change materially after cellular telephone introduction.
Bakos J, Kubinyi G, Sinay H, Thuroczy G. · 2003
Researchers studied the effect of 900 and 1800 MHz GSM-like radiofrequency radiation on urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in adult male Wistar rats. Seventy-two rats were used in six independent experiments with exposures in a GTEM cell at power densities of 100 μW/cm² at 900 MHz and 20 μW/cm² at 1800 MHz. Animals were exposed for 2 hours daily between 8:00 AM and noon for 14 days with 218 Hz GSM modulation. No statistically significant changes in 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion were found at either frequency.
