Eris AH et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed ten male Wistar Albino rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation at 15.14 V/m for 45 minutes and measured blood serotonin and glutamate levels before and after. Blood plasma serotonin and glutamate levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay. A single 45-minute exposure significantly increased blood serotonin levels but did not change glutamate levels.
Zhao QR, Lu JM, Yao JJ, Zhang ZY, Ling C, Mei YA. · 2015
Researchers used a mouse model to examine the effects of extremely low-frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic field exposure on a recognition memory task and morphological changes of hippocampal neurons. Exposure at 1 mT for 12 hours per day produced a time-dependent deficit in novel object associative recognition memory and decreased hippocampal dendritic spine density. The memory deficit was transient, observed only after exposing mice to the fields for 7 to 10 days, and occurred without changes in spontaneous locomotor activity. Over-expression of neuritin in the hippocampus using an adeno-associated virus vector significantly increased neuritin levels and dendritic spine density, and neuritin prevented the exposure-induced effect by increasing hippocampal spine density.
Yang G, Ren Z, Mei YA. · 2015
Researchers studied the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on GABAA receptor activity in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Exposing the neurons to 1 mT of the field for 60 minutes significantly increased GABAA receptor currents without modifying sensitivity to GABA. Levels of phosphorylated PKC were significantly elevated after 60 minutes of exposure, and this elevation was blocked by an EP1 receptor-specific antagonist.
Todorović D, Prolić Z, Petković B, Kalauzi A. · 2015
Researchers analyzed the bioelectrical activity of antennal lobe neurons in adult Morimus funereus beetles exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields of different waveforms and exposure durations. Sine wave magnetic fields did not change the reversibility factor of antennal lobe neuronal activity regardless of exposure duration, while square wave exposure for 10 and 15 minutes significantly changed the reversibility factors of the nearest neurons.
Masoudian N et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed synaptosomes, used as a model of nervous terminals, to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) at flux intensities from 0.1 to 2 mT and frequencies from 50 to 230 Hz. An artificial neural network program was used to analyze the raw data and predict effects across the tested range. Glutamate concentration changes fell between -35 and +40% compared to normal state, which the researchers interpreted as the glutamatergic system attempting to compensate for environmental changes.
Jankowska M et al. · 2015
Researchers assumed that exposure to ELF-EMF would change the effects of a scorpion alpha toxin called LqhαIT on cockroach nerve function and on whole insects. Experiments were performed in vivo on cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and in vitro on isolated cockroach abdominal nerve cord with cerci. The exposure to ELF-EMF modified the effects of LqhαIT on activity of the cercal nerve and of the connective nerve, with a decrease in the toxin effect on the cercal nerve but an increase on the connective nerve. Biotests showed that toxicity of LqhαIT on cockroaches was reduced by the exposure to ELF-EMF at 0.7 and 7 mT.
Giorgetto C et al. · 2015
Researchers studied motor behaviour in Wistar rats given a unilateral striatal lesion with quinolinic acid, then injected with apomorphine and exposed to a continuous static magnetic field of 3,200 Gauss. Sixty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control, sham, sham magnetic, lesion, and stimulated South and North Poles. In the activity cage test, all groups except the North Pole-stimulated group showed a significant increase in distance, time of activity, and crossings compared to the control group. The morphometric analysis showed a reduction in the number of neurons in the Lesion group in relation to all other groups, and the results suggest the static magnetic field promoted morphological preservation.
de Groot MW, van Kleef RG, de Groot A, Westerink RH · 2015
Researchers exposed primary rat cortical neurons for 7 days to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at field strengths ranging from 0 to 1000 μT, then measured cell viability, calcium levels, neurite outgrowth, and spontaneous neuronal activity. Cell viability was not affected by exposure across the full range tested, and neuronal activity appeared largely unaltered. The researchers concluded that chronic ELF-EMF exposure has only limited neurotoxic potential in vitro.
Cheng Y et al. · 2015
Researchers examined the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on hippocampal neural progenitor cells cultured from embryonic and adult ischemic brains. Exposure to ELF-EMF at 50 Hz and 0.4 mT significantly enhanced proliferation in both embryonic and ischemic neural progenitor cells. Neuronal differentiation was also enhanced after 7 days of cumulative ELF-EMF exposure, while glial differentiation was not markedly influenced. The data suggest that ELF-EMF promotes neurogenesis of ischemic neural progenitor cells, possibly through the Akt pathway.
Zuo WQ, Hu YJ, Yang Y, Zhao XY, Zhang YY, Kong W, Kong WJ. · 2015
Researchers used spiral ganglion neurons from neonatal Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether inflammation might increase sensitivity to damage from mobile phone electromagnetic radiation. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation alone could not directly induce DNA damage in normal spiral ganglion neurons. The study suggests that sensitivity of spiral ganglion neurons to damage caused by mobile phone electromagnetic radiation may increase in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation model.
Marjanovic AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I, · 2015
Researchers evaluated the influence of a modulated radiofrequency field of 1800 MHz, strength of 30 V/m on oxidation-reduction processes within the cell. V79 cell line samples were irradiated for 10, 30, and 60 minutes, with a specific absorption rate calculated to be 1.6 W/kg. ROS levels significantly increased after 10 minutes of exposure, then decreased after 30 minutes, which researchers associated with antioxidant defence mechanism activation. Metabolic activity and total protein content in exposed cells did not differ significantly from control samples.
Liu Q, Si T, Xu X, Liang F, Wang L, Pan S. · 2015
Rats were exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation at a specific absorption rate of 0.66 ± 0.01 W/kg for 2 h/d, and sperm were examined after 50 days. The percentage of apoptotic sperm cells in the exposure group was significantly increased by 91.42% compared with the control group. Reactive oxygen species concentration in the exposure group was increased by 46.21%, while total antioxidant capacity was decreased by 28.01%. Radiation also decreased the protein and mRNA expression of bcl-2 and increased that of bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3.
Hou Q, Wang M, Wu S, Ma X, An G, Liu H, Xie F · 2015
Researchers studied reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH/3T3) exposed to 1800-MHz GSM-talk mode electromagnetic radiation at an average specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg. Intracellular ROS levels increased significantly after exposure, reaching their highest level at one hour of exposure, then declining slightly with longer exposure up to eight hours. The percentage of late-apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the exposed group than in sham-exposed groups, while no significant effect on the DNA damage marker γH2AX was detected.
Duan W et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed a mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cell line intermittently to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at intensities of 1, 2, or 3 mT, or to 1800 MHz RF-EMF in GSM-Talk mode at SAR values of 1, 2, or 4 W/kg. After 24 hours of exposure, neither ELF-EMF nor RF-EMF affected cell viability. ELF-EMF exposure significantly increased DNA strand breaks at 3 mT, while RF-EMF exposure significantly induced oxidative DNA base damage at a SAR of 4 W/kg. The researchers suggest that both field types may produce genotoxicity at relatively high intensities but through different patterns of DNA damage.
Djordjevic B et al. · 2015
Researchers studied whether melatonin treatment (2 mg/kg) might favorably impact liver tissue in rats exposed to microwave radiation. The experiment used 84 six-weeks-old Wistar male rats exposed for 4 hours a day to microwaves at 900 MHz for 20, 40, and 60 days. Microwave exposure increased malondialdehyde after 40 days, protein carbonyl content after 20 days, and catalase and xanthine oxidase activity after 40 days. Melatonin reduced malondialdehyde after 40 days but had no effect on the other analyzed parameters.
Yang ML, Ye ZM · 2015
Researchers exposed human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells to a 50 Hz, 1 mT extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) for 1, 2 and 3 hours in vitro. ELF-EMF decreased the viability of MG-63 cells, inhibited cell growth, induced cell apoptosis and increased the level of ROS significantly. The apoptosis rate declined significantly after treatment with ROS inhibitor NAC or p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580. The researchers concluded that increased ROS and p38MAPK activation may be involved in the mechanism.
Patruno A, Tabrez S, Pesce M, Shakil S, Kamal MA, Reale M · 2015
Researchers evaluated the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure on catalase, cytochrome P450, and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and protein expression in the myelogenous leukemia cell line K562. A significant modulation of iNOS, CAT, and cytochrome P450 protein expression was recorded in both stimulated and non-stimulated cell lines following ELF-EMF exposure. Changes in the kinetic parameters of these enzymes in response to ELF-EMF indicated an interaction between ELF-EMF and the enzymological system.
Lewicka M et al. · 2015
Ghodbane S, Lahbib A, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. · 2015
Researchers exposed rats to a static magnetic field at 128 mT for one hour per day over five days and measured catalase activity, malondialdehyde concentration, and apoptosis inducing factor labeling in kidney and muscle. SMF exposure increased MDA concentrations by 25% and CAT activities by 34% in kidney, but not in muscle. The treatment failed to induce caspase-independent pathway apoptosis in both kidney and muscle. Selenium pre-treatment inhibited both the MDA and CAT increases in kidney, while vitamin E corrected only MDA levels in rat kidney.
Ghodbane S, Ammari M, Lahbib A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. · 2015
Researchers exposed rats to a static magnetic field of 128 mT for one hour per day over five consecutive days and measured oxidative stress and apoptosis in the brain and liver. The exposure increased catalase activity by 24% in the liver but not in the brain, while malondialdehyde concentration was unchanged in both tissues. Static magnetic field exposure also induced hepatocyte apoptosis through a caspase-independent pathway involving mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor, but no such effect was found in the brain. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation restored liver catalase activity in exposed rats but did not reduce liver apoptosis.
Chung YH et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed rats to an extremely low frequency magnetic field at 60 Hz and 2.0 mT for 2 or 5 days, then measured neurotransmitter levels in the cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. The exposure produced significant differences in norepinephrine and vanillyl mandelic acid in the striatum, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. Significant increases in serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were observed in the striatum, thalamus or hippocampus, and dopamine concentration was significantly increased in the thalamus. The researchers concluded that exposure to ELF-MF may evoke changes in these brain chemicals, though the mechanisms remain to be characterized.
Zuo H et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed differentiated PC12 cells to continuous microwave radiation at 2.856 GHz for 5 minutes with an average power density of 30 mW/cm2. After exposure, RKIP was downregulated while the MEK/ERK/CREB signaling pathway was activated excessively. The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax decreased, caspase-3 activity increased, and apoptotic DNA fragmentation increased. The researchers suggested that RKIP may act as a key regulator of neuronal damage caused by microwave radiation.
Xiong L et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed 48 male Wistar rats to 30 mW/cm2 microwave for 10 min every other day for three times, and separately exposed PC12 cells to 30 mW/cm2 microwave for 5 min. Microwave exposure caused injury in rat hippocampal structure and PC12 cells, especially the structure and quantity of synapses. The ratio of glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitters was increased and the intracellular calcium level was elevated in PC12 cells. Significant changes in NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B and related signaling molecules were observed, and these were closely associated with impaired synaptic plasticity.
Wang LF et al. · 2015
Researchers used an in vitro blood-brain barrier model exposed to microwave radiation at 50 mW/cm2 for 5 minutes to study how the VEGF/Flk-1-ERK pathway relates to barrier injury. Microwave radiation caused tight junctions to broaden and fracture, with decreased TEER values and increased HRP permeability. When Flk-1 and MEK1/2 inhibitors were applied, the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier were recovered.
Tang J et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed 108 male Sprague-Dawley rats to a 900 MHz, 1 mW/cm2 electromagnetic field for 14 or 28 days at 3 hours per day, with some rats left unexposed as a sham group. Rats exposed for 28 days crossed platforms less often and spent less time in the target quadrant than rats exposed for 14 days and unexposed rats. Twenty-eight days of exposure was also associated with cellular edema, neuronal cell organelle degeneration, and albumin and HO-1 extravasation in the hippocampus and cortex. The researchers found that 28 days of EMF exposure induced the expression of mkp-1, resulting in ERK dephosphorylation.
