Palumbo R et al. · 2008
The study investigated apoptosis induction after 900 MHz GSM radiation by measuring caspase 3 activation in Jurkat cells and quiescent and proliferating human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Exposure was at 1.35 W/kg for one hour in a temperature-controlled dual wire patch cell system. Caspase 3 activity increased by 32.4% in Jurkat cells and 22% in proliferating lymphocytes 6 hours after exposure, but did not change in quiescent lymphocytes. Apoptosis and viability assessed 24 hours later were unaffected in both cell types. Cell cycle analysis of proliferating T cells also showed no differences between exposed and sham-exposed cultures.
Karinen A, Heinavaara S, Nylund R, Leszczynski D. · 2008
Researchers exposed a small area of forearm skin in 10 female volunteers to RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 1.3 W/kg and collected punch biopsies from exposed and non-exposed areas. Analysis identified 8 proteins that were statistically significantly affected, and two of those proteins were present in all 10 volunteers. The researchers described this as the first study showing that molecular level changes might take place in human volunteers in response to exposure to RF-EMF.
Höytö A, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. · 2008
Researchers exposed human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and mouse L929 fibroblast cells to 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation at a specific absorption rate of 5 W/kg, using either continuous waves or a GSM-modulated signal. Two statistically significant differences related to RF radiation were found: t-BOOH-induced lipid peroxidation was increased in SH-SY5Y cells, and menadione-induced caspase 3 activity was increased in L929 cells, but both only for the GSM-modulated signal. No other endpoints were significantly affected, and no effects were observed from RF radiation exposure alone.
Dawe AS et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed a transgenic strain of the nematode C. elegans to radiofrequency fields at 1.8 GHz and a specific absorption rate of approximately 1.8 W/kg. For both continuous wave and Talk-pulsed exposures lasting 2.5 hours, there was no indication that RF exposure could induce reporter expression above sham control levels. When background reporter expression was moderately elevated in sham controls, the researchers found some evidence that reporter expression may be reduced by approximately 15% following exposure to either Talk-pulsed or CW RF fields.
Aly AA et al. · 2008
Researchers studied how 900-MHz radio-frequency fields affect the ability of human neutrophils to follow concentration gradients of Cyclic Adenosine 3', 5'-Monophosphate (C-AMP). Blood from healthy adult donors was exposed in vitro to different temperatures and a 900-MHz RF field at approximately 0.4 V/m. When the 900-MHz RF field was applied, neutrophil speed increased above the value observed at the same temperature, and the maximum speed exceeded that measured at any temperature by approximately 50%. The direction of motion changed from along the concentration gradient and the electrical field lines to motion at right angles to the concentration gradient and the electric field.
George I et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to a 60 Hz, 8 µT electromagnetic field for 30 minutes before inducing ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury to the heart. Significant upregulation of the HSP70 gene and increased hsp70 levels were measured in response to EMF pre-exposures. Systolic contractile function showed significant recovery after 30 minutes of reperfusion in EMF-exposed animals, and diastolic function was markedly improved as well.
Yokus B, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Cakir DU, Kizil M · 2008
Levels of FapyAde, FapyGua, and 8OHdG were increased at both intensities compared to cage-control and sham groups, but statistical significance was observed only in the group exposed to 100 μT. The researchers noted that the intensity of ELF-MF has an important influence on the extent of DNA damage.
Wartenberg M et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed UM-SCC-14-C oral mucosa cancer cells to direct current electrical fields with strengths between 2 and 16 V/m for 24 hours and measured effects on cell growth and death. Exposure dose-dependently decreased cell proliferation and was associated with cell cycle arrest. Electrical field treatment at 4 V/m for 24 hours increased apoptosis, and blocking free radicals abolished those apoptosis markers.
Guler G, Turkozer Z, Tomruk A, Seyhan N · 2008
Erdal N, Gürgül S, Tamer L, Ayaz L · 2008
Researchers exposed adult Wistar-Albino rats to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 1 mT, 4 hours per day) to study oxidative and nitrosative stress in liver tissue. 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels were significantly increased in exposed female rats compared to female controls, but no significant difference was found between exposed and control male rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels showed no significant differences between control and exposed rats in either sex.
Wang X et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed rats to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (20 Hz, 14 mT) for one hour per day before daily morphine injections for 12 days, then measured dopamine D2 receptor density in the dorsal hippocampus during withdrawal. Morphine withdrawal alone significantly lowered D2 receptor density compared to saline controls, and ELF-EMF exposure during morphine treatment further reduced receptor density on the first and third withdrawal days. In both groups, D2 receptor density tended to recover as the number of withdrawal days increased.
Piacentini R, Ripoli C, Mezzogori D, Azzena GB, Grassi C. · 2008
Partsvania B, Sulaberidze T, Modebadze Z, Shoshiashvili L. · 2008
Researchers studied how extremely low-frequency magnetic fields at 8.34 and 217 Hz affected the ability of single neurons in the mollusk Helix Pomatia to habituate to repeated stimuli. Brain ganglia were exposed to magnetic fields with peak values between 1 and 6 mT using Helmholtz coils, and neuron activity was recorded with a standard microelectrode technique. Exposure caused dehabituation, which the researchers described as occurring through degradation of the signal to noise ratio and alteration of the neuron's normal function.
Ahmed Z, Wieraszko A. · 2008
Researchers investigated the influence of a pulsed magnetic field on hippocampal evoked potentials in vitro. Exposure to a pulsed magnetic field at 0.16 Hz and 15 mT, applied for 30 minutes, amplified the population spike and the slope of EPSP recorded from hippocampal tissue. The amplification was additive to previously induced long-term potentiation and occurred in an NMDA-independent way. The pulsed magnetic field also modified paired-pulse facilitation and paired-pulse inhibition, suggesting it affects both excitatory and inhibitory processes in the hippocampus.
Yan JG, Agresti M, Zhang LL, Yan Y, Matloub HS. · 2008
Researchers exposed adult Sprague-Dawley rats to cell phones for 6 hours per day for 126 days and measured mRNA levels of several injury-associated proteins in the brain. The proteins evaluated included Calcium ATPase, Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, Neural Growth Factor, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. The results showed statistically significant mRNA up-regulation of these proteins in the brains of exposed rats.
Lee KS, Choi JS, Hong SY, Son TH, Yu K. · 2008
Researchers studied biological effects of mobile phone 835 MHz electromagnetic fields in Drosophila at SAR 1.6 W/kg and SAR 4.0 W/kg. At SAR 1.6 W/kg, more than 90% of flies remained viable even after the 30 h exposure, while at SAR 4.0 W/kg viability dropped from the 12 h exposure. Both exposure levels triggered a stress response, increased reactive oxygen species production, and activated ERK and JNK signaling, but not p38 kinase signaling. SAR 4.0 W/kg strongly activated JNK signaling, expression of apoptotic genes, and amplified the number of apoptotic cells in the fly brain.
Joubert, V., Bourthoumieu, S., Leveque, P. and Yardin, C. · 2008
Researchers exposed rat primary neuronal cultures to a continuous-wave 900 MHz radiofrequency field at a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg for 24 hours. A statistically significant difference in the rate of apoptosis was found in the RF-field-exposed neurons compared to the sham-, 37°C- and 39°C-exposed neurons either 0 or 24 h after exposure using both methods. The percentage of AIF-positive nuclei in RF-field-exposed neurons was increased by three- to sevenfold compared to other conditions, while no increase in caspase 3 activity was found.
Eberhardt JL, Persson BR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LO · 2008
Researchers exposed rats to GSM microwave signals in the 900 MHz band and measured blood-brain barrier permeability and signs of neuronal damage after recovery periods of 14 or 28 days. Non-anaesthetized rats were sham exposed or exposed to microwaves for 2 hours at whole-body specific absorption rates of 0.12, 1.2, 12, or 120 mW/kg. Albumin leakage and its uptake into neurons was enhanced after 14 days but not after the 28-day recovery period, while the occurrence of dark neurons was enhanced after 28 days.
Ammari M, Lecomte A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, de-Seze R · 2008
Researchers measured cytochrome oxidase levels in rat brains using histochemical methods to evaluate regional brain metabolic activity after GSM 900 MHz signal exposure. Rats were exposed either for 45 minutes per day at a SAR of 1.5 W/Kg or for 15 minutes per day at a SAR of 6 W/Kg, over seven days. At 6 W/Kg, decreased CO activity was found in areas of the prefrontal and frontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the posterior cortex, while exposure at 1.5 W/Kg did not affect brain activity.
Ammari M et al. · 2008
Researchers measured GFAP expression in rat brain areas using immunocytochemistry to evaluate glial changes 10 days after chronic exposure to a GSM 900 MHz signal. Rats were exposed 5 days a week for 24 weeks at a brain-averaged SAR of 1.5 W/kg for 45 minutes per day, or at 6 W/kg for 15 minutes per day. Compared with sham or cage control animals, rats exposed at 6 W/kg had increased GFAP stained surface areas (p < 0.05), while exposure at 1.5 W/kg did not increase GFAP expression. The researchers noted that chronic exposure at 6 W/kg may induce persistent astroglia activation in the rat brain, which they described as a sign of a potential gliosis.
Zhang SZ, Yao GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2008
Researchers exposed primary cultured rat neurons to 1.8 GHz RF EMF at a SAR of 2 W/kg and used a gene array to look for changes in gene expression. Among 1200 candidate genes screened, 24 were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated, associated with functions including cytoskeleton, signal transduction, and metabolism. The effect of 24-hour exposure on gene expression was more obvious than that of 6-hour exposure, and intermittent exposure had a more obvious effect than continuous exposure.
Yao K, Wu W, Wang K, Ni S, Ye P, Yu Y, Ye J, Sun L. · 2008
Researchers exposed cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) to a 1.8 GHz GSM radiofrequency field for 2 hours at specific absorption rates of 1, 2, 3, and 4 W/kg, then measured intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage. After exposure to 1.8 GHz RF for 2 h, HLECs exhibited significant intracellular ROS increase in the 2, 3, and 4 W/kg groups, and RF at 3 W/kg and 4 W/kg induced significant DNA damage consisting mainly of single strand breaks. When the radiofrequency field was superposed with 2 μT electromagnetic noise, the noise blocked the RF-induced ROS increase and DNA damage.
Wu W, Yao K, Wang KJ, Lu DQ, He JL, Xu LH, Sun WJ. · 2008
Researchers used the DCFH-DA method and comet assay to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to 4 W/kg 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation or 2 muT electromagnetic noise, or both, for 24 hours intermittently. 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation at 4 W/kg for 24 hours significantly increased intracellular ROS and DNA damage (P<0.05). When electromagnetic noise was added alongside the mobile phone radiation, ROS levels and DNA damage were not significantly elevated compared to sham exposure (P>0.05).
Schwarz C et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed human cultured fibroblasts and human lymphocyte cultures to 1,950 MHz UMTS electromagnetic fields at specific absorption rates below the safety limit of 2 W/kg. UMTS exposure increased the comet tail factor and induced centromere-negative micronuclei in human cultured fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent way. Incubation for 24 hours at a SAR of 0.05 W/kg produced a statistically significant rise in both the comet tail factor and micronuclei (P = 0.02). No UMTS effect was found in lymphocytes, whether unstimulated or stimulated with Phytohemagglutinin. The researchers concluded that UMTS exposure may cause genetic alterations in some but not in all human cells in vitro.
Nittby H et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed Fischer 344 rats to radiation from a GSM mobile test phone at 1,800 MHz for 6 hours and then analyzed gene expression in the cortex and hippocampus. Four rats were exposed in an anechoic chamber one at a time, and four control rats were kept in the same chamber for the same duration without exposure. Gene ontology analysis found highly significant changes in gene categories related to membrane functions in both brain regions.
