Elekes E, Thuróczy G, Szabó LD. · 1996
Researchers tested the effect of continuous or amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the immune response of mice. CW exposures induced elevations of the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of male Balb/c mice by 37%. AM microwave exposure induced elevation of the spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing cell number by 55% in the spleen of male mice. No changes were observed in female mice.
Cleary, SF, Du, Z, Cao, G, Liu, LM, McCrady, C · 1996
Researchers investigated the effects of RF radiation exposure on interleukin 2 (IL-2) -dependent proliferation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLL-2). At specific absorption rates greater than 25 W/kg, exposure produced a consistent, statistically significant reduction in CTLL-2 proliferation, especially at low IL-2 concentrations. At lower SARs, 2450 MHz exposure increased CTLL-2 proliferation immediately after exposure but reduced 24 h postexposure proliferation. The researchers found significant qualitative and quantitative differences between the effects of temperature elevation and RF radiation.
Belyaev IY, Shcheglov VS, Alipov YD, Polunin VA · 1996
Researchers studied how millimeter waves affected the genome conformational state of E. coli AB1157 cells across a frequency range of 51.64 to 51.85 GHz. The resonance frequency of 51.755 GHz did not shift with power density, though the magnitude of the effect differed significantly and depended on the power density of exposure. Sharp narrowing of the 51.755 GHz resonance at lower power densities was followed by an emergence of new resonance frequencies.
Belokhvostov AS et al. · 1995
The study aimed to investigate DNA analysis of retroposon-like genetic LINE elements in blood plasma of rats exposed to radio-diapason electromagnetic waves. The elevation of LINE-elements' DNA level was revealed in blood plasma of rats exposed to electromagnetic waves. The amount of full-size 5'-containing LINE-elements copies was increased especially. The researchers supposed a connection of this effect with retrotransposon activation and genetic instability condition of organism development.
Semin IuA, Shvartsburg LK, Dubovik BV · 1995
Researchers studied the effect of weak radiofrequency radiation on DNA secondary structure stability in vitro. Exposure at 3 or 4 Hz and 0.6 mW/cm2 peak power significantly increased accumulated DNA damage, while other pulse rates or power levels eliminated the effect. DNA was incubated with glycine and formaldehyde, and damage was assessed via thermal denaturation dynamics.
Geletyuk VI, Kazachenko VN, Chemeris NK, Fesenko EE · 1995
Researchers used the patch voltage-clamp method to investigate effects of millimetre microwaves at 42.25 GHz on single calcium-activated potassium channels in cultured kidney cells (Vero). Exposure to the field at non-thermal power of about 100 microW/cm2 for 20-30 min greatly modified both the Hill coefficient and an apparent affinity of the channels for Ca2+. The data suggest that the field alters both cooperativity and binding characteristics of channel activation by internal Ca2+, with effects depending on initial sensitivity of the channels to Ca2+ and the Ca2+ concentration applied.
Cao G, Liu LM, Cleary SF · 1995
Researchers exposed synchronized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to 27 MHz continuous-wave radio-frequency radiation for 2 hours at specific absorption rates of 5 or 25 W kg−1 under isothermal conditions, meaning no heating occurred. The exposure produced time- and dose-rate-dependent cell cycle alterations, with maximum responses occurring 3 days after exposure at a SAR of 25 W kg−1. Cells in G0/G1- or S-phase showed more pronounced alterations, while G2/M-phase cells showed minimal effects at either SAR.
Nelson BK et al. · 1994
Researchers exposed rats to RF radiation that maintained colonic temperature at 42.0 degrees C for 0, 10, 20, or 30 min and to 2ME at doses of 0, 75, 100, 125, or 150 mg/kg on gestation days 9 or 13. Fetuses were examined on gestation day 20 for external, skeletal, and visceral malformations. Synergistic effects were observed for some treatment combinations but not others, with highly significant effects on gestation day 13 but little effect on day 9. Statistical analyses showed no global synergistic effect but evidence of synergism at intermediate dose levels.
Bergqvist B et al. · 1994
Researchers studied the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the permeability of unilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Leakage of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein was measured using spectrofluorimetry after exposure to microwaves or thermal heating for 5-20 min intervals. The microwave exposure did not result in any non-thermal increase in permeability above that produced by thermal heating. The study refutes earlier results that reported increased liposome permeability due to microwave exposure.
Lu Y, Yu J, Ren Y · 1994
Researchers measured dielectric properties of human red blood cells in suspension at 25 degrees C across 1-500 MHz using a coaxial transmission line reflection method. The study included 243 healthy persons with a hematocrit of 50%. The data revealed a statistically significant age dependence with a critical age of about 49 years, above which permittivity and conductivity decreased significantly.
Ikeda N, Hayashida O, Kameda H, Ito H, Matsuda T · 1994
Researchers investigated thermal damage to normal dog brain using 8 MHz radiofrequency interstitial hyperthermia. The heating limits were 42 degrees C for 45 min or 43 degrees C for 15 min. Breakdown of the BBB was observed at 43 degrees C for 60 min.
Singh N, Rudra N, Bansal P, Mathur R, Behari J, Nayar U · 1994
Researchers exposed Twenty-three days old rats to 2.45 GHz microwaves at 1.0 mW/cm2 for sixty days and measured poly ADPR polymerase activity in various organs. The enzyme activity increased by 20% in liver and 35% in testis, while it decreased by 53% in brain diencephalon and 20% in cortex. No change was observed in spleen and kidney, and the changes were accompanied by alterations in NAD+ levels.
Phelan AM, Neubauer CF, Timm R, Neirenberg J, Lange DG · 1994
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz and 80 mW/cm² for 30 minutes daily over four days, raising rectal temperature by 2.2°C. A separate group received radiant heat producing the same temperature rise. Microwave exposure reduced Mg(++)-ATPase activity by 48.5% and increased Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity by 170%, while radiant heat caused no significant changes in either enzyme. Microwave exposure also decreased the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, whereas radiant heat increased it. Membrane fluidity measured by EPR differed among sham, microwave, and radiant heat groups, reflecting the fatty acid changes.
Lokhmatova SA, · 1994
Researchers studied the effect of long-term impulsive electromagnetic irradiation at a power density of 0.25 mW/cm2 for 4 months, 2 hours per day, on rat testes and epididymides. The irradiation was at 3 GHz and the results demonstrated high sensitivity of the rat testes and epididymides, with destructive changes in seminiferous tubules and testicular tissue. Full recovery was not observed even 4 months after irradiation ended.
Akoev IG, Mel'nikov VM, Usachev AV, Kozhokaru AF, · 1994
Researchers studied whether exposure to low-intensity radiofrequency radiation after a lethal dose of gamma-radiation could modify the resulting injury in mice. The radiofrequency exposure lasted up to 23 hours at an intensity of 5 plus or minus 1.5 microwatts per square centimeter, covering frequency ranges of 2-8, 8-18, and 19-27 GHz with a swing frequency of 12-14 Hz. A clearly pronounced modification of acute radiation injury was obtained when the radiofrequency exposure was applied immediately after the gamma-radiation.
Haider T, Knasmueller S, Kundi M, Haider M · 1994
Researchers used the Tradescantia-micronucleus bioassay to test whether short-wave electromagnetic fields used for broadcasting (10–21 MHz) may show genotoxic effects. Plant cuttings bearing young flower buds were exposed for 30 hours at various distances from broadcasting antennas, and micronucleus frequencies were compared to laboratory controls. Higher micronucleus frequencies were found at all exposure sites near the antennas where IRPA electric field strength standards were exceeded, and results at all but one site were statistically significant.
Schwartz JL, Mealing GA · 1993
Researchers investigated the effects of AM or CW modulated 1 GHz exposure on calcium efflux and contractile force of isolated atrial muscle stripes of frog heart in vitro. Calcium efflux from electrically stimulated, 45Ca(2+)-preloaded atrial strips of the frog heart was measured from perfusate samples collected at 2-min intervals for 32 min while contractile force was simultaneously monitored. The atrial strips were exposed for 32 min to constant or amplitude-modulated 1 GHz fields at SAR ranging from 3.2 microW/kg to 1.6 W/kg with modulation at 0.5 Hz or 16 Hz. Neither unmodulated nor 0.5 Hz or 16 Hz modulated 1 GHz waves affected the movement of calcium ions or the contractile force in isolated atrial strips of the frog heart.
Kunjilwar KK, Behari J · 1993
Researchers exposed developing rats to amplitude-modulated radio frequency radiation at 147 MHz and its sub-harmonics for 30 to 35 days, three hours per day. A significant decrease in acetylcholine esterase activity was found in exposed rats compared to controls. The decrease in enzyme activity was independent of the carrier wave frequencies used. Short-term exposure did not significantly affect acetylcholine esterase activity.
Fisun OI · 1993
Researchers derived the dispersion relation for intrinsic cellular electrical oscillations from hydrodynamic equations for surface ions inside and outside a cell. They calculated properties for surface-plasmon modes and for a resonant response of a charged membrane bilayer to microwave pumping.
Seaman RL, DeHaan RL · 1993
Researchers studied inter-beat intervals of aggregated cardiac cells from chicken embryos during 190-second exposures to 2.45 GHz microwaves. The inter-beat interval decreased during exposures at 42.0 W/kg and higher with continuous-wave or square-wave modulation, consistent with thermal effects. Increases occurred during continuous-wave exposures at 1.2-12.2 W/kg and decreases after pulse-modulated exposures at 8.4-12.2 W/kg, which were not consistent with simple thermal effects.
Lange DG, D'Antuono ME, Timm RR, Ishii TK, Fujimoto JM. · 1993
Ellingsrud S, Johnsson A · 1993
Researchers studied the up-and-down rhythmic movements of the lateral leaflets of Desmodium gyrans when exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency range. The RF radiation was applied as homogeneous 27.12 MHz fields in specially-designed exposure cells, and in some cases as non-homogeneous radiation of 27 MHz amplitude modulated by 50 Hz in front of commercial diathermy equipment. The radiation caused temporary changes in amplitude, period, and phase, and could also cause temporary or complete cessations of the rhythms.
Enin LD, Akoev GN, Potekhina IL, Oleiner VD · 1992
The study aimed to investigate the effect of extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on skin sensory endings in albino rats. Researchers recorded impulse activity from solitary fibers of the tibial nerve and found that receptor units responded to mechanical stimulation of the skin. Irradiation with low-intensity millimeter-band fields at 55.61 and 73 GHz reduced receptor unit sensitivity to mechanical stimulation. Half of the receptor units stopped responding 25 minutes after irradiation, while the other half continued responding after 35 minutes but with a significantly changed response character.
Dutta SK, Das K, Ghosh B, Blackman CF · 1992
Researchers examined the impact of radiofrequency radiation exposure on acetylcholinesterase activity. Neuroblastoma cells (NG108) exposed for 30 minutes to 147-MHz radiation amplitude-modulated at 16 Hz demonstrated enhanced acetylcholinesterase activity. The authors concluded that radiofrequency radiation affects both calcium-ion release and acetylcholinesterase activity in nervous system-derived cells in culture in a common dose-dependent manner.
Phelan AM, Lange DG, Kues HA, Lutty GA · 1992
Researchers exposed B16 melanoma cells to 2.45-GHz pulsed microwaves at 10 mW/cm² for 1 hour and measured membrane ordering using electron paramagnetic resonance. The exposure shifted the cell membrane from a more fluid-like phase to a more solid, ordered state. Similar membrane ordering occurred in melanin-reconstituted liposomes, but not in amelanotic cells or liposomes without melanin. Superoxide dismutase inhibited the microwave-induced ordering, implicating oxygen radicals as a cause.
