Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. · 2016
The review examined 27 studies on RF-EMR effects on the male reproductive system. Eleven of 15 studies on sperm motility reported significant declines, all seven studies measuring ROS found elevated levels, and four of five studies on DNA damage reported increased damage. RF-EMR reduced antioxidant levels in all six studies that assessed them, and antioxidant supplementation ameliorated effects in all three studies that tested it.
He Q, Sun Y, Zong L, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2016
Researchers exposed mouse bone marrow stromal cells to 900 MHz RF at 120 μW/cm(2) power intensity for 3 hours/day for 5 days. The study measured PARP-1 mRNA and protein levels at multiple time points after exposure using RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Cells exposed to radiofrequency fields showed significantly increased PARP-1 mRNA and protein levels, while sham-exposed cells did not show such changes.
Gläser K et al. · 2016
Researchers irradiated human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and HL-60 cells at GSM (900 MHz), UMTS (1,950 MHz), and LTE (2,535 MHz) frequencies, at intensities ranging from 0 to 4 W/kg SAR, for short and long exposure periods. Studied endpoints included apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell cycle, DNA damage, and DNA repair. In all but one endpoint, no clear effect of mobile phone radiation was detected; the only alteration was a small but statistically significant decrease in DNA damage in HSC exposed to GSM modulation for 4 hours.
Boga A, Emre M, Sertdemir Y, Uncu İ, Binokay S, Demirhan O. · 2016
Researchers exposed adult Xenopus laevis frogs to GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz for 8 hours a day over a 5-week period, then measured effects on the embryos produced from different combinations of exposed and unexposed parents. In the control group, 2.2% of embryos were abnormal and none were dead; when only males were exposed, embryo abnormality rose to 3.3% and dead embryos rose to 8.3%. When only females were exposed, abnormal and dead embryo rates each reached 11.7%; when both parents were exposed, dead embryos reached 15% and abnormal embryos reached 11.7%. Offspring of RF-exposed females also showed more aggressive behavior compared with the control group.
Sun C, Wei X, Fei Y, Su L, Zhao X, Chen G, Xu Z. · 2016
Researchers compared the effects of 1,800 MHz RF-EMF exposure on genomic DNA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts with proficient (Atm+/+) or deficient (Atm−/−) ATM. In Atm+/+ cells, exposure for 1 hour at an average special absorption rate of 4.0 W/kg induced significant DNA single-strand breaks and activated the SSB repair mechanism. That repair effect reduced DNA damage to less than background levels after 36 hours of exposure. In Atm−/− cells, the same RF-EMF exposure for 12 hours induced both SSBs and double-strand breaks and activated the two repair processes, also reducing damage below the control level after prolonged exposure. The researchers described this as the first reported hormesis-like effect of an RF-EMF.
Ji Y, He Q, Sun Y, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2016
Researchers preexposed mouse bone-marrow stromal cells to 900-MHz radiofrequency fields at 120 μW/cm2 for 4 hours per day for 5 days, then exposed some cells to 1.5 Gy gamma radiation. Radiofrequency exposure alone produced no significant differences in DNA strand breaks compared to control cells. When radiofrequency preexposure was followed by gamma radiation, the number of DNA strand breaks was significantly decreased and repair was faster compared to gamma radiation alone.
Maes A, Anthonissen R, Wambacq S, Simons K, Verschaeve L. · 2016
Researchers conducted an in vitro cytogenetic laboratory investigation to explore a possible association between extremely low frequency magnetic fields and Alzheimer's disease risk. The study found that 50 Hz ELF-MF increased the frequency of cells with large micronuclei and nuclear buds, suggesting that fields above 50 μT may induce chromosome instabilities like those found in Alzheimer's disease patients. The researchers noted that results from other published experimental studies on ELF-MF and Alzheimer's disease are described as rather reassuring.
Şahin D et al. · 2016
The main finding was increased oxidative DNA damage in the brain after 10 days of exposure, while after 40 days oxidative DNA damage was decreased compared to control groups. A decreased level of the lipid peroxidation marker MDA was also observed after 40 days of exposure.
Yin C, Luo X, Duan Y, Duan W, Zhang H, He Y, Sun G, Sun X · 2016
Researchers investigated whether lotus seedpod procyanidins (LSPCs) could protect primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons from extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF)-induced neurotoxicity. ELF-EMF exposure significantly decreased cell viability and increased the number of apoptotic cells compared with control. LSPCs evidently protected the hippocampal neurons against ELF-EMF-induced cell damage, and the researchers concluded this occurred through inhibiting oxidative stress and a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Mahmoudinasab H, Sanie-Jahromi F, Saadat M · 2016
Researchers designed the study to evaluate the effect of EMFs on the mRNA levels of seven antioxidant genes in human MCF-7 cells. Three exposure patterns were tested at two field intensities, 0.25 mT and 0.50 mT, each with a total exposure time of 30 minutes. The MTT assay showed no cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells under any of the three exposure conditions at either field intensity. Under the 15-min-on/15-min-off pattern, the 0.50 mT intensity was associated with more up- or down-regulated genes than 0.25 mT, a statistically significant difference (P=0.041), while no such difference was found for the other two exposure patterns.
Kesari KK, Juutilainen J, Luukkonen J, Naarala J. · 2016
Wang LF et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to microwave radiation at 30 mW/cm2 for 5 minutes per day, 5 days per week, over a period of 2 months. Screening of the GRIN2B promoter region revealed a stable C-to-T variant at nucleotide position −217 that was not induced by microwave exposure. Following microwave exposure, NR2B protein expression decreased, while the Glu contents in the hippocampus and CSF increased, and memory impairment was observed in the TT genotype but not the CC and CT genotypes. In PC12 cells, the effects of the T allele were more pronounced than those of the C allele on transcription factor binding ability, transcriptional activity, NR2B mRNA, and protein expression.
Deshmukh PS et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed male Fischer rats to microwave radiation for 90 days at 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz to investigate effects on cognitive function, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) levels, and DNA damage in the brain. Cognitive function was tested using the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze, HSP70 levels were measured by ELISA, and DNA damage was assessed using alkaline comet assay. The results suggest that low-level microwave exposure at these frequencies may lead to hazardous effects on the brain.
Unknown authors · 2015
The study included 21 electric arc welders and 21 non-exposed controls. Occupational ELF-MF exposure was measured with personal dosimeters during a full work shift. Primary DNA damage was assessed in peripheral blood leukocytes using the alkaline comet assay. Tail length was similar between welders and controls. Tail intensity and tail moment were significantly lower in exposed welders than in controls.
Unknown authors · 2015
Researchers exposed mice to a 50 Hz, 65 μT magnetic field continuously for 30 days starting at 12 days post-conception. The micronucleus test showed a slight genotoxic effect in blood erythrocytes only after the maximum exposure time, which disappeared months after exposure stopped.
Unknown authors · 2015
Unknown authors · 2015
Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cells to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 1, 2, and 3 mT intermittently for 72 hours. Genome-wide methylation decreased at 1 mT but was higher at 3 mT compared to controls. DNMT1 and DNMT3b expression decreased at 1 mT and increased at 3 mT, while DNMT3a expression was largely unaffected. The researchers also established DNA methylation and gene expression profiling and validated some genes with aberrant methylation and expression at different intensities.
Bertea et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed Arabidopsis thaliana grown in Petri plates to both normal and reversed geomagnetic field conditions. Exposed plants were photographed and analyzed for root length and leaf area, and RNA was extracted for qPCR analysis of genes including CRU3, COTP1, RRTF1, FSD1, CAT3, TAPX, APX1, and RbohD. The study found that reversing the GMF polarity using triaxial coils had significant effects on plant growth and gene expression.
Al-Huqail AA, Abdelhaliem E · 2015
Researchers analyzed proteins and nuclear DNA of maize seedlings exposed to ELF for different periods using SDS-PAGE, isozymes, RAPD, and comet assay. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed 46 polypeptide bands with molecular weights from 186.20 to 36.00 KDa and a polymorphism value of 84.62%. Leucine-aminopeptidase, peroxidase, and catalase isozymes showed 100% polymorphism, while esterase isozyme showed 83.33% polymorphism. Amino acid analysis identified 17 amino acids with contents ranging from 22.65% to 28.09%, and RAPD revealed 78 amplified DNA products with 95.08% polymorphism and sizes from 120 to 992 base pairs. Comet assay recorded the highest nuclear DNA damage at 5 days of ELF exposure, with 2.38% tailed DNA and a tail moment of 5.36.
De Amicis A et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed human fetal fibroblasts to low-frequency THz radiation (0.1-0.15 THz) using a Compact Free Electron Laser. No DNA damage was detected by Comet assay, H2AX phosphorylation, or telomere length changes. No apoptosis or changes in pro-survival signaling proteins were found. Micronuclei and centromere-positive micronuclei increased, indicating that THz radiation could induce aneugenic effects, not clastogenic effects, probably leading to chromosome loss. Actin polymerization increased, supporting the hypothesis that an abnormal assembly of spindle proteins could lead to the observed chromosomal malsegregation.
Unknown authors · 2015
Wilson JW et al · 2015
Researchers exposed seven-week-old male mice to 10, 100, or 300 μT, 50 Hz magnetic fields for 2 or 15 hours. They measured mutation frequency at the ESTR Ms6-hm locus in sperm and blood using single-molecule PCR. Blood mutation frequency did not differ from sham controls, and sperm showed a marginally significant, non-dose-dependent increase. Acute X-ray exposure produced significant mutation increases in both sperm and blood.
Manzella N et al · 2015
Researchers investigated effects of ELF magnetic fields on circadian clock genes in a human fibroblast cell line. An ELF-MF exposure at 0.1 mT and 50 Hz entrained expression of clock genes BMAL1, PER2, PER3, CRY1, and CRY2. ELF-MF treatment also altered circadian clock gene expression previously entrained by serum shock stimulation.
Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Kuzay D, Ozer C, Seyhan N. · 2015
The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between micronuclei frequency and RF radiation in exfoliated bladder cells of diabetic and non-diabetic rats using three groups of six animals each. The RF exposure was 2100 MHz with a whole-body average SAR of 0.24 W/kg and an ERMS field of 17.5 V/m at non-thermal levels. No statistically significant differences in micronuclei frequency were found between any of the groups, including between RF-exposed diabetic rats and non-exposed diabetic rats, and between RF-exposed diabetic rats and non-diabetic controls. The authors concluded that the study suggested no possible genotoxic effects of RF radiation in humans, especially those with chronic disorders such as diabetes.
Kumar G, McIntosh RL, Anderson V, McKenzie RJ, Wood AW. · 2015
The researchers extended a previous study by testing for effects at different SAR levels, both 900 and 1800 MHz, and both continuous wave and pulse modulated RF radiation. Excised long bones from rats were placed in medium and exposed to RF radiation in a transverse electromagnetic cell or a waveguide. Finite-difference time-domain numerical analyses were used to estimate the forward power needed to produce nominal SAR levels of 2/10 and 2.5/12.4 W/kg in the bone marrow. After exposure, lymphoblasts were extracted and assayed for proliferation rate and genotoxicity. No significant changes were observed in the hematopoietic system of rats after exposure to CW/PM wave 900 MHz/1800 MHz RF radiations at different SAR values.
