Trosic I, Busljeta I, Pavicic I. · 2004
Researchers investigated the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation on blood-forming cells in rats. Rats were exposed to a field power density of 5-10 mW/cm2 and a whole-body average SAR of 1-2 W/kg for 2 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 2, 8, 15, or 30 days. A significant decrease in lymphoblast count was observed at 15 and 30 days, while other examined parameters did not differ significantly from sham-exposed controls.
Radzievsky AA et al. · 2004
Researchers used a murine model of B16 F10 melanoma to test millimeter wave treatment at 61.22 GHz with 13.3 x 10(-3) W/cm2 power density, 15-minute exposures to the nose. Five daily exposures starting on day five after tumor cell injection suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth. Pretreatment with naloxone completely abolished this suppression. The same treatment started on day one or day ten was ineffective.
Novoselova EG et al. · 2004
Researchers studied effects of weak microwaves (8.15–18 GHz, 1 µW/cm2, 1.5 h daily) and antioxidant diet on TNF production in healthy and tumor-bearing mice. Microwave radiation and antioxidant diet stimulated TNF production in cells from healthy mice. In tumor-bearing mice, microwave exposure increased TNF production compared to unirradiated mice, while antioxidant diet did not affect TNF secretion. Prolonged microwave treatment decreased tumor growth rate and increased longevity in tumor-bearing mice, but antioxidant diet did not.
Capri M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors in vitro to a 900 MHz GSM or continuous-wave (CW) radiofrequency field for 1 hour per day for 3 days. The researchers studied mitogen-induced proliferation, cell cycle progression, spontaneous and induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential. GSM-exposed cells showed a slight decrease in proliferation at the lowest mitogen concentration and a slight increase in cells with altered phosphatidylserine distribution, but cell cycle phases, mitochondrial membrane potential, and susceptibility to apoptosis were unaffected. When cells were exposed to the CW radiofrequency field, no significant modifications were observed for any of the endpoints studied.
Zmyslony M, Politanski P, Rajkowska E, Szymczak W, Jajte J. · 2004
Researchers tested whether 930 MHz continuous wave electromagnetic radiation affects reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in rat lymphocytes. Acute exposure of 5 and 15 minutes did not affect ROS levels on its own. When iron ions were added to stimulate ROS production, the ROS level was significantly greater in exposed lymphocytes after both exposure durations.
Zmyslony M, Rajkowska E, Mamrot P, Politanski P, Jajte J · 2004
Researchers tested whether weak 50 Hz magnetic fields affect the number of free oxygen radicals in rat lymphocytes in vitro. Rat lymphocytes were exposed for one hour to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 20, 40, or 200 μT, with the field axis either along or crosswise to Earth's static magnetic field. Only at 40 μT, when the field was directed along Earth's static magnetic field, was there a decrease in fluorescence compared to non-exposed samples.
Rollwitz J, Lupke M, Simkó M · 2004
Researchers studied the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on free radical production in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and monocytes. Exposure to the magnetic fields at a flux density of 1 mT produced a significant increase in free radical production in both cell types. The radicals produced were mainly superoxide anion radicals, found in macrophages at 33% and in their precursor cells at 24%.
Lupke M, Rollwitz J, Simkó M. · 2004
Researchers investigated how 50 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic fields activate human cells to release reactive oxygen intermediates. They examined free radical production in human umbilical cord blood-derived monocytes and in human Mono Mac 6 cells. Exposure to 1 mT ELF-MF for 45 minutes produced a significant increase in superoxide radical anion production of up to 1.4 fold and an increase in ROS release of up to 1.2 fold in monocytes. Mono Mac 6 cells showed superoxide radical anion and ROS production of up to 1.4 and 1.5 fold, respectively, leading the researchers to suggest these cells are more sensitive to ELF-MF than monocytes.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Modlic B. · 2004
Researchers used an erythrocyte micronucleus assay to investigate genetic damage in bone marrow red cells of rats exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation. Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.45 GHz continuous field for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at a power density of 5–10 mW/cm2, with a whole body average specific absorption rate calculated to be 1.25 ± 0.36 W/kg. Significant differences in polychromatic erythrocytes were found on experimental days 8 and 15, and the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was also significantly increased on day 15. Comparisons after 2, 8, and 30 irradiation treatments did not reveal statistically significant differences between sham-exposed and treated subgroups.
Gatta L et al. · 2003
Researchers exposed C57BL/6 mice to 900 MHz GSM-modulated radiation at SAR 1 or 2 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 1, 2, or 4 weeks. The number of spleen cells, percentages of B and T cells, and CD4/CD8 distribution were not altered by exposure. After 1 week of exposure, IFN-gamma production increased, but this effect was not seen after 2 or 4 weeks.
Anane R et al. · 2003
Researchers investigated the effects of acute GSM-900 microwave exposure on the clinical parameters of the acute EAE rat model in two independent experiments with habituated and nonhabituated rats. Female Lewis rats were divided into cage control, sham exposed, and two groups exposed at 1.5 or 6.0 W/kg local SAR averaged over the brain using a loop antenna over their heads. EAE was induced with a mixture of myelin basic protein and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The 21-day exposure at 2 hours per day had no effect on the onset, duration, or termination of the EAE crisis.
McNamee et al. · 2003
Researchers examined the effect of 24-hour continuous-wave and pulsed-wave 1.9 GHz radiofrequency fields on primary DNA damage and micronucleus induction in human leukocyte cultures. No significant differences in primary DNA damage were observed between sham controls and any exposed cultures when assessed by the alkaline comet assay immediately after exposure. Similarly, no significant differences were found in micronucleus incidence, micronucleated binucleated cells, binucleated cell frequency, or proliferation index between sham and exposed cultures.
Seishima M, Oyama Z, Oda M · 2003
This study described the clinical characteristics and results of patch tests in 8 patients with contact dermatitis possibly caused by handling a cellular phone. Patch tests were positive for potassium dichromate at 0.5, 0.1 and 0.05% in all eight patients. Photopatch tests showed the same results. One patient reacted to cobalt chloride and one to nickel sulfate. All patients had erythema and seven had papules on the hemilateral auricle or preauricular region after 9 to 25 days of phone use.
Kimata H. · 2003
The study included two experiments: a video game experiment where participants played Street Fighter II for 2 h, and a mobile phone experiment where participants were exposed to 30 incidences of ringing mobile phones during 30 min. Playing video games significantly increased allergen-induced skin wheal responses and plasma levels of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and nerve growth factor in atopic eczema patients, and also shifted cytokine production toward a Th2 pattern. Exposure to frequently ringing mobile phones similarly enhanced skin wheal responses and plasma levels of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and nerve growth factor in atopic eczema patients, but had no effect on normal subjects or allergic rhinitis patients.
Nakamura H et al. · 2003
Researchers compared microwave exposure to water immersion at matched temperature rises in thirty-six pregnant rats assigned to six groups with 90-minute exposures. No significant differences in uteroplacental circulation or placental endocrine and immune functions were found between rats exposed to 0.6 mW/cm2 microwaves and those immersed at 38 °C. At 3 mW/cm2, microwaves caused significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol compared with rats immersed at 40 °C.
Gapeev AB et al. · 2003
Researchers exposed NMRI mice to extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation at 42.0 GHz and 0.15 mW/cm2 for 20 minutes and examined chromatin structure in immune cells using a comet assay technique. Three hours after exposure, fluorescence intensity increased by 16% in thymocytes and decreased by 16% in splenocytes, while peripheral blood leukocytes showed no change. In vitro exposure reduced fluorescence intensity by 23% in Raji human lymphoid line cells and by 18% in peripheral blood leukocytes.
Dabrowski MP et al. · 2003
Researchers exposed cultured human blood mononuclear cells isolated from 16 healthy donors to 1300 MHz pulse-modulated microwaves at a power density of 10 W/m2 and a SAR of 0.18 W/kg. Lymphocyte proliferative responses and IL-2 receptor saturation did not change, though lymphocyte production of IL-10 increased (P < .001). Monocyte production of IL-1β increased significantly (P < .01), the concentration of its antagonist IL-1ra dropped by half (P < .01), and TNF-α remained unchanged. The researchers concluded that pulse-modulated microwaves represent the potential of immunotropic influence, stimulating preferentially the immunogenic and proinflammatory activity of monocytes at relatively low levels of exposure.
McNamee JP et al. · 2002
Blood cultures from human volunteers were exposed to an acute 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency (RF) field for 2 h using a series of six circularly polarized, cylindrical waveguides. Mean specific absorption rates (SARs) ranged from 0 to 10 W/kg and the temperature within the cultures during the exposure was maintained at 37.0 ± 0.5°C. DNA damage was quantified in leukocytes by the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. No evidence of increased primary DNA damage was detected by the comet assay and no significant differences in micronucleus frequency were found at any SAR tested.
Kimata H. · 2002
Microwave radiation from mobile phones enhanced skin wheal responses induced by house dust mite and Japanese cedar pollen but had no effect on histamine-induced wheal responses in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Microwave radiation also increased plasma levels of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in these patients. The researchers concluded that microwave radiation may enhance allergen-induced wheal responses in association with the release of SP and VIP.
Tice RR, Hook GG, Donner M, McRee DI, Guy AW. · 2002
DNA damage in leukocytes was assessed with the alkaline comet assay and chromosomal damage in lymphocytes with the micronucleus assay. No significant increase in DNA damage was seen after 3 or 24 hours, and no increase in micronucleated lymphocytes occurred after 3 hours. However, 24-hour exposures at 5.0 or 10.0 W/kg significantly increased micronucleated lymphocytes about fourfold, regardless of signal type, modulation, or frequency.
Natarajan M, Vijayalaxmi , Szilagyi M, Roldan FN, Meltz ML · 2002
Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK. · 2002
d'Ambrosio G, MassaR, Scarfi MR, Zeni O · 2002
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood cultures to 1.748 GHz microwaves, either as continuous wave or phase-only modulated wave, for 15 minutes. The study measured cell proliferation kinetics and micronucleus frequency to look for genotoxic effects. No changes in cell proliferation kinetics were found after either type of exposure. A statistically significant micronucleus effect was found following exposure to the phase modulated field, but not after continuous wave exposure. The researchers suggested these results indicate a genotoxic power of the phase modulation itself.
Jajte J, Grzegorczyk J, Zmyślony M, Rajkowska E. · 2002
Researchers exposed rat blood lymphocytes to a 7 mT static magnetic field for 3 hours in Helmholtz coils, with some samples also treated with ferrous chloride at 10 μg/ml. The static magnetic field alone and iron ions alone each produced no significant effect on cell viability. When the field and iron ions were combined, there was a significant increase in apoptotic and necrotic cells and significant alterations in cell viability. The researchers suggested that a 7 mT static magnetic field in the presence of Fe2+ ions can increase the concentration of oxygen free radicals and thus may lead to cell death.
Unknown authors · 2001
Researchers used indirect immunofluorescence to examine histamine-containing mast cells in skin biopsies from 13 healthy volunteers before and after they sat in front of ordinary TV or PC screens for 2 or 4 h. In 5 of the 13 volunteers, the number of mast cells in the papillary and reticular dermis increased after exposure. Mast cells migrated toward the uppermost dermis, the normally empty zone disappeared, and some cells showed degranulation. Two volunteers showed a decrease in mast cell number, but the upward shift was still visible. All changes returned to baseline within Twenty-four h.
