Nakamura et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to microwaves at 2 mW/cm2, 2450 MHz for 90 minutes and measured natural killer cell activity and beta-endorphin levels. Microwave exposure raised colonic temperature and increased beta-endorphin in blood and anterior pituitary but did not change corticosterone. Naloxone administered before exposure increased natural killer cell activity and beta-endorphin in blood and placenta of pregnant rats.
Klug S, Hetscher M, Giles S, Kohlsmann S, Kramer K, · 1997
Researchers exposed 9.5-day-old rat embryos for up to 36 hours to radiofrequency electric and magnetic fields with modulation frequencies of 16, 60, and 120 Hz. The exposure included electric field strengths of 60 and 600 V/m, magnetic inductions of 0.2 and 2.0 microtesla, and specific absorption rates of 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 W/kg. Neither the electric nor the magnetic fields interfered significantly with normal embryo growth and differentiation when assessed on day 11.5 using a scoring system, photographs, histology, and protein content.
Indulski JA, Makowiec-Dabrowska T, Zmyslony M, Siedlecka J · 1997
The authors reviewed epidemiological data on the relationship between reproductive disorders and electromagnetic field exposure from power lines, industrial devices, medical appliances, video display terminals, and household devices. The analyzed studies examined effects on female and male reproduction, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight, congenital malformations, and progeny gender proportion among occupationally exposed persons.
Nelson BK, Conover DL, Shaw PB, Snyder DL, Edwards RM · 1997
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to radiofrequency radiation that raised colonic temperature to 42.0°C for 10 minutes while administering various doses of 2-methoxyethanol on gestation day 13. Dose-related developmental toxicity from 2-methoxyethanol occurred both with and without the radiation exposure. However, the radiation changed the shape of the dose-effect curve for 2-methoxyethanol.
Koldayev VM, Shchepin YV, · 1997
The aim of the study was to investigate effects of electromagnetic radiation on sea-urchin embryos. Electromagnetic radiation caused a decrease in the number of fertilized eggs and an increase in the number of zygotes with abnormal fertilization envelopes in sea-urchins.
Magras, IN, Xenos, TD · 1997
Researchers measured RF power densities between 168 nW/cm2 and 1053 nW/cm2 at several locations around an antenna park. Twelve pairs of mice divided into two groups were placed in locations of different power densities and mated five times. The number of newborns per dam decreased progressively until irreversible infertility occurred, but crown-rump length, body weight, and vertebral counts improved.
Nakamura H, Seto T, Nagase H, Yoshida M, Dan S, Ogino K. · 1997
Pregnant rats exposed to microwaves showed a significant reduction in splenic natural killer cell activity, while no such reduction was seen in exposed virgin rats. Corticosterone and ACTH increased, and oestradiol decreased, in both exposed virgin and pregnant rats, while beta-endorphin and progesterone increased significantly only in pregnant rats.
Jensh RP · 1997
This review examined whether chronic prenatal microwave exposure in rats caused adverse effects at birth or alterations in offspring development and growth. Pregnant rats were exposed throughout pregnancy to continuous wave 915 MHz, 2450 MHz, or 6000 MHz radiation at power density levels of 10, 20, or 35 mW/cm2, respectively. Animals exposed to 915 MHz did not exhibit any consistent significant alterations in any of the parameters measured. Offspring exposed to 6000 MHz showed an initial slight but significant retardation in term weight, delayed eye opening, lower weekly weights that recovered by the fifth week, and changes in water T-maze and open field performance.
Hjollund NH, Bonde JP, Skotte J · 1997
This preliminary survey examined semen quality among Danish military personnel who operated mobile ground-to-air missile units using microwave-emitting radar systems. The median sperm density of the military personnel was significantly low compared to reference values. The researchers noted that the difference could be due to chance, uncontrolled bias, or nonthermal effects of transitory microwaves.
Weyandt, TB, Schrader, SM, Turner, TW, Simon, SD · 1996
Researchers compared semen quality and hormone levels among artillerymen (n=30), radar equipment operators (n=20), and a comparison group (n=31). Questionnaire data showed many initial controls had potential microwave exposure as radar operators, so a comparison group without lead or microwave exposure was selected. Radar equipment operators with potential microwave exposure had significantly lower sperm counts per milliliter (P=0.009) and per ejaculate (P=0.027) than the comparison group. Artillerymen who perceived fertility concerns also had lower sperm counts per ejaculate (P=0.067) and per milliliter (P=0.014) than the comparison group.
Tynes T, Hannevik M, Andersen A, Vistnes AI, Haldorsen T · 1996
The Norwegian cohort consisted of 2,619 women certified as radio and telegraph operators between 1920 and 1980. Cancer incidence was analyzed using the standardized incidence ratio with the Norwegian female population as the comparison group. The standardized incidence ratio for all cancers was 1.2, while breast cancer showed an excess risk with an SIR of 1.5. A nested case-control analysis found an association between breast cancer in women aged 50 and older and shift work. After adjusting for fertility factors, the rate ratio for breast cancer associated with being a radio and telegraph operator was 1.5 compared to all Norwegian women born 1935 or later.
Kubinyi G, Thuroczy G, Bakos J, Boloni E, Sinay H, Szabo LD, · 1996
Pregnant CFLP mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 100 minutes each day throughout gestation in an anechoic chamber. Brain aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity decreased significantly after continuous-wave exposure but not after amplitude-modulated exposure. Liver enzyme activity increased after both continuous-wave and amplitude-modulated exposure, while body and organ weights were unaffected.
Yoshida Y et al. · 1995
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to whole-body microwaves at 10 mW/cm2 and 2,450 MHz and measured placental blood flow and five endocrine indicators. Placental blood flow at 45-90 minutes after exposure was significantly decreased in exposed rats. Microwave exposure increased corticosterone and decreased estradiol regardless of angiotensin II pretreatment, increased progesterone and prostaglandin F2 alpha without pretreatment, and did not change prostaglandin E2. Pretreatment with angiotensin II increased placental blood flow at 15 and 30 minutes, but this effect was absent in microwave-exposed rats.
Unknown authors · 1994
Two pulse waveforms were tested, with rise and fall times of 85 microseconds (PMF-A) or 2.1 microseconds (PMF-B). After exposure, the eggs incubated for nine more days without fields, then embryos were examined blind. Both exposed groups had more developmental anomalies than controls, but only the PMF-B group showed a statistically significant increase (P=0.007) and a high rate of early embryonic death, while the PMF-A group's increase was not significant (P=0.173).
Nelson BK et al. · 1994
Researchers exposed rats to RF radiation that maintained colonic temperature at 42.0 degrees C for 0, 10, 20, or 30 min and to 2ME at doses of 0, 75, 100, 125, or 150 mg/kg on gestation days 9 or 13. Fetuses were examined on gestation day 20 for external, skeletal, and visceral malformations. Synergistic effects were observed for some treatment combinations but not others, with highly significant effects on gestation day 13 but little effect on day 9. Statistical analyses showed no global synergistic effect but evidence of synergism at intermediate dose levels.
Guberan E et al. · 1994
Researchers mailed a questionnaire to 2846 female Swiss physiotherapists and analyzed 1781 pregnancies. The gender ratio was 107 for 508 pregnancies exposed to shortwave radiation and 101 for 1273 unexposed pregnancies. There was no trend in gender ratio with increasing intensity or duration of exposure. Low birthweight prevalence was not related to exposure for either boys or girls. The findings of the Danish study could not be confirmed.
Sarkar S, Ali S, Behari J · 1994
Animals were exposed to microwave at a power density of 1 mW/cm2 for 2 h/day at a frequency of 2.45 GHz over a period of 120, 150 and 200 days. HinfI digested DNA samples from testis and brain of control and exposed animals were hybridized with a synthetic oligo probe (OAT 36) comprising nine repeats of 5'-GACA-3'. As compared to control animals, band patterns in exposed animals were found to be distinctly altered in the range of 7-8 kb which was also substantiated by densitometric analysis.
Lokhmatova SA, · 1994
Researchers studied the effect of long-term impulsive electromagnetic irradiation at a power density of 0.25 mW/cm2 for 4 months, 2 hours per day, on rat testes and epididymides. The irradiation was at 3 GHz and the results demonstrated high sensitivity of the rat testes and epididymides, with destructive changes in seminiferous tubules and testicular tissue. Full recovery was not observed even 4 months after irradiation ended.
Ouellet-Hellstrom R, Stewart WF · 1993
Researchers mailed questionnaires to 42,403 physical therapists in 1989 and used a nested case-control design with 1,753 miscarriage cases matched to 1,753 controls. A pregnancy was considered exposed if the mother reported using microwave or shortwave diathermy in the six months before or during the first trimester. Microwave use was associated with increased miscarriage odds (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.59) with a dose-response trend, while shortwave diathermy was not associated (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.91-1.24).
Fukui Y, Hoshino K, Inouye M, Kameyama Y · 1992
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 15 or 20 minutes on day 13 of gestation. Pyknotic cell incidence in the ventricular zone was 1.83% after 15 minutes and 3.06% after 20 minutes of microwave exposure. Microwave radiation for 20 minutes produced effects comparable to immersion in 42°C hot water for 15 minutes. Brain weight was significantly lower and neuron density higher in the 20-minute exposure group compared to controls. The researchers concluded that microwave radiation at the tested dose mainly has a thermal effect.
Larsen AI · 1991
Researchers conducted a case-referent study using a cohort of Danish physiotherapists linked to national pregnancy registers to assess the relation between high-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposure and congenital malformations. Exposure during the first month of pregnancy was assessed through blinded telephone interviews without knowledge of case status. No statistically significant associations were found between pregnancy outcome and high-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposure (odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 0.6-4.3).
Larsen AI, Olsen J, Svane O · 1991
Case groups were spontaneous abortions, low birth-weight prematurity, and stillbirth or death within one year, and exposure was assessed by telephone interviews. Highly exposed mothers had only 23.5% male births, a statistically significantly altered gender ratio showing a dose-response pattern. High-frequency electromagnetic radiation was associated with low birthweight, but only for male newborns.
Nelson BK et al. · 1991
The exploratory study aimed to determine whether concurrent exposure to RF radiation and 2-methoxyethanol enhances developmental toxicity in rats. In the primary study, pregnant rats were exposed to RF radiation sufficient to raise rectal temperature to 42.0°C for 30 minutes and given 150 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol by gavage, and the combination raised mean fetal malformations per litter to 76% from 14% with 2ME alone and 30% with RF alone. The severity of malformations also increased with the combination, scoring 6 on a relative severity scale compared with less than 1 for 2ME alone and 3 for RF alone.
Spiers DE, Baummer SC · 1991
Researchers exposed Japanese quail eggs to 2,450 MHz microwaves at 5 or 20 mW/cm² for 8 hours daily from day 1 to 15 of incubation. At 30 °C ambient temperature, microwave exposure increased wet-embryo mass on day 16 by 9% at 5 mW/cm² and 61% at 20 mW/cm² compared to predicted masses without microwaves. Post-treatment tests showed no reliable indication that repeated microwave exposure resulted in abnormal physiological development. The authors concluded that microwave radiation can increase egg temperature and embryonic growth rate at below-normal incubation temperatures without altering basic metabolic and thermal characteristics.
Unknown authors · 1987
Researchers exposed chick embryos to sinusoidally oscillating 50 Hz magnetic fields during their first two days of development. In the first series, abnormal embryo percentages were 16% in controls, 16% at 0.1 A/m, 14% at 0.3 A/m, 29% at 1 A/m, and 32% at 10 A/m. In the second series, abnormal embryo percentages were 17% in controls, 10% at 0.4 A/m, 19% at 0.6 A/m, 17% at 0.9 A/m, and 36% at 1.35 A/m. Only the 1.35 A/m group was significantly different from controls in the second series. The results suggest that exposure causes abnormal development and that no abnormalities are induced below a threshold between 0.9 and 1 A/m.
