Li SS, Zhang ZY, Yang CJ, Lian HY, Cai P · 2013
Researchers studied the effects of short-term and long-term ELF-EMF exposure on male Drosophila melanogaster using transcriptomic analysis and QRT-PCR. Transcriptomic analysis showed that short-term exposure up-regulated 439 genes and down-regulated 874 genes, while long-term exposure up-regulated 514 genes and down-regulated 1206 genes. Short-term exposure may decrease male reproductive ability, but long-term exposure had no effect. QRT-PCR confirmed that jra, ark, and decay genes were down-regulated after exposure for one generation and 72 hours, suggesting apoptosis may be inhibited.
İkinci A et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz EMF for one hour daily from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy. The study used 3 pregnant rats per group and yielded 13 control and 10 EMF female pups for testing.
Gao X, Luo R, Ma B, Wang H, Liu T, Zhang J, Lian Z, Cui X · 2013
Radiation exposure decreased SOD and GSH-Px activity and increased MDA levels in both pregnant and fetal rats, and caused mitochondrial swelling, edema, and chromatin condensation in fetal brain tissue. Vitamin E supplementation reversed these changes in a dose-dependent manner, with all three doses increasing SOD and GSH-Px in fetal rats, and middle and high doses decreasing MDA in fetal rats and high dose doing so in pregnant rats.
Tsybulin O et al. · 2013
Japanese quail embryos were exposed in ovo to GSM 900 MHz radiation for 38 hours or 158 hours with a 48-second on, 12-second off cycle at an average power density of 0.25 μW/cm(2) and a specific absorption rate of 3 μW/kg. The number of differentiated somites was assessed microscopically and DNA damage was assessed by an alkaline comet assay. After 38 hours the number of differentiated somites increased and DNA strand breaks decreased, while after 158 hours the number of differentiated somites decreased and DNA damage increased.
Luo Q, Jiang Y, Jin M, Xu J, Huang HF. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant volunteers at about 50 days gestation to cell phone EMF at 1.6 to 8.8 W/kg for one hour. They used two-dimensional electrophoresis to examine protein profile changes and found up to 15 spots with significant 2- to 2.5-fold changes compared to sham-exposed group. Twelve proteins were identified, including procollagen-proline, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta, and others.
Shahin S et al. · 2013
Twelve-week-old female mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day for 45 days to study effects on implantation and pregnancy. Implantation sites were significantly affected in the microwave-irradiated mice compared to controls. The researchers concluded that low-level microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress suppresses implantation and may also lead to deformity of the embryo if pregnancy continues.
Liu C, Duan W, Xu S, Chen C, He M, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhou Z. · 2013
Researchers exposed a mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cell line to 1800 MHz GSM signals for 24 hours using an intermittent schedule of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off, at SAR levels of 1 W/kg, 2 W/kg, or 4 W/kg. At a SAR of 4 W/kg, DNA migration in a modified comet assay was significantly increased, and levels of the DNA adduct 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) were also increased. No detectable DNA strand breakage was observed by the alkaline comet assay. The increases in DNA damage were accompanied by increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), and these effects were mitigated by co-treatment with the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol.
Hancı H et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900-MHz EMF during days 13–21 of pregnancy and examined the testicles of their offspring at postnatal day 21. The offspring of exposed mothers showed irregularities in seminiferous tubule basal membrane and epithelium, immature germ cells in the lumen, and a decreased diameter in seminiferous tubules and thickness of epithelium. Apoptotic index, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidation were higher in the offspring of exposed mothers than in controls.
Atasoy HI, Gunal MY, Atasoy P, Elgun S, Bugdayci G · 2013
Researchers exposed male rats to radiofrequency radiation from Wi-Fi devices operating at 2.437 GHz for 24 hours a day for 20 weeks, then examined their testes. The exposed rats showed significant increases in markers indicating DNA damage in the testes compared to controls. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity were decreased in the exposed group, which the researchers suggested may have been due to radiofrequency effects on enzyme activity. The researchers said these findings raise questions about the safety of radiofrequency exposure from Wi-Fi Internet access devices for growing organisms of reproductive age, with a potential effect on both fertility and the integrity of germ cells.
Odacı E et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields for one hour daily between days 13 and 21 of pregnancy, then assessed the female pups' spinal cord tissue and motor behavior. The rotarod test showed a significant increase in motor functions in the EMF group pups (p=0.037), while the open field test found no difference between groups. Pathological changes were observed in the spinal cords of the EMF group pups, and the researchers suggested these changes may have led to the increase in motor activity.
Haghani M, Shabani M, Moazzami K · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900-MHz pulse-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day throughout gestation, then evaluated ten offspring per group. Behavioral tests did not reveal any abnormalities in the exposed offspring. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings revealed decreased neuronal excitability of Purkinje cells, with changes in afterhyperpolarization amplitude, spike frequency, half width, and first spike latency.
Baş O et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on days 13 through 21 of pregnancy, then examined the brains of their female pups on postnatal day 32. Exposure during those prenatal days led to a significant decrease in the number of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis of the female rat pups (P<0.05). Histopathological examination also revealed picnotic cells in the cornu ammonis of the exposed female rat pups.
Unknown authors · 2012
Researchers studied the effect of electromagnetic radiation on ejaculated human semen samples. Exposed samples showed a significant decrease in sperm motility and viability and an increase in reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation index compared to unexposed samples. The researchers concluded that mobile phone electromagnetic waves lead to oxidative stress in human semen and cause changes in DNA fragmentation.
Unknown authors · 2012
The study used 66 NMRI pregnant females divided into treated and non-treated groups. The treated group was exposed to ELF-EMF at 50 Hz and 6×10-3 T. Embryos were collected by flushing the uterine horn and Fallopian tubes on day 3 of gestation. There was no significant difference in the mean number of blastocysts between treated and none treated groups. Exposed blastocysts had significantly fewer total cells, ICM cells, and TE cells, while the ICM/TE ratio increased.
Unknown authors · 2012
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 2450 MHz Wi-Fi signal for 2 hours per day, 6 days per week, for 18 days at whole-body specific absorption rates of 0.08, 0.4, and 4 W/kg. The prenatal study examined fetuses delivered by caesarean section from five females per group, and dams with offspring were observed for 28 days after delivery with 15 females per group. No abnormalities were noted in pregnant rats and no significant signs of toxicity were observed in pre- and postnatal development of pups, even at the highest exposure level of 4 W/kg.
Mild KH, Andersen JB, Pedersen GF. · 2012
Several earlier studies used a GSM phone in stand-by mode as an exposure source and reported effects on sleep and testicular function. The authors explain that in stand-by mode the phone is only active during periodic location updates set by the network operator. Typical updates occur every 2 to 5 hours, and between updates the phone acts as a passive receiver with no microwave emission. They conclude that exposure in stand-by mode can be considered negligible.
Laudisi F et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to WiFi signals at 2450 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg for two hours daily during gestation. Thymocyte count, phenotype, and proliferation were unchanged in exposed offspring. These null effects were consistent in both sexes at 5 and 26 weeks of age.
Kismali G, Ozgur E, Guler G, Akcay A, Sel T, Seyhan N. · 2012
Researchers exposed 13-month-old New Zealand White rabbits to whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like radiofrequency radiation for 15 minutes per day for seven days. The study used four groups: non-pregnant controls, non-pregnant exposed, pregnant controls, and pregnant exposed. Lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde levels did not change after exposure. Several blood chemistry parameters including cholesterol, total protein, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, creatine kinase, and CK-MB changed due to both pregnancy and RFR exposure. No indication of oxidative stress was detected in pregnant rabbits, though CK-MB and CK increases were described as remarkable.
Panagopoulos DJ · 2012
Researchers studied the effect of GSM radiation on ovarian development in virgin Drosophila melanogaster females. Exposed insects had significantly smaller ovaries due to destruction of egg chambers from DNA damage and cell death. The ovarian size difference peaked at 39-45 hours after eclosion and then decreased as mature eggs were laid in sham-exposed flies.
Ozlem Nisbet H, Nisbet C, Akar A, Cevik M, Karayigit MO · 2012
Mouradi R, Desai N, Erdemir A, Agarwal A · 2012
The aim was to calculate the distance between a cell phone and a semen sample to set up an in vitro experiment that mimics real-life conditions with a phone in a trouser pocket separated by multiple tissue layers. The results indicated that the distance should be 0.8 cm to 1.8 cm greater than the anticipated distance between a cell phone and the testes. A computational model of scrotal tissues was designed considering the separating layers and used in simulations with the Finite Difference Time Domain method.
Ingole IV, Ghosh SK. · 2012
Researchers exposed chick embryos to radiofrequency radiation emitted by a cell phone by varying the duration of exposure to create different doses. Light microscopic examination revealed that developing dorsal root ganglion neurons suffered damage that was dose dependent. The damage persisted even when exposure-free periods were given between exposures.
Hässig M, Jud F, Spiess B. · 2012
Researchers examined a dairy farm where many calves were born with nuclear cataracts after a mobile phone base station was erected near the barn. Calves born there had a 3.5 times higher risk of heavy cataract compared to the Swiss average. The investigators excluded usual causes such as infection or poisoning, but the real cause of the increased incidence remains unknown.
Eskander EF, Estefan SF, Abd-Rabou AA. · 2012
Researchers assessed the role of exposure to radio frequency radiation from mobiles or base stations on human hormone profiles. The study showed significant decreases in volunteers' ACTH, cortisol, thyroid hormones, prolactin for young females, and testosterone levels.
