EMF Research Studies

A Specific Effect of High-Frequency Electric Currents on Biological Objects

Johan E. Nyrop · 1946

SELECTIVE HEAT PRODUCTION BY ULTRASHORT (HERTZIAN) WAVES

A. BACHEM · 1935

Dispersione delle radioonde nei sistemi proteici

Cavallaro, L. · 1934

DEVELOPMENT AND FORM OF SHORT WAVE THERMAL ZONES IN AN AGAR BODY

Albrecht, W. · 1934

Researchers used a 4 per cent. agar block with a thermoindicator turning at 37 degrees C to visualize thermal zones generated by a short-wave condenser field of 3.96 m wavelength. Round condenser plates insulated by glass hooks, with diameters of 25 up. to 10 mm., heated agar layers 10-50 mm thick. When plates of equal size were used, the heated zone was band-shaped and practically the same width as the plates; when a large and a small plate were placed opposite each other, a truncated cone thermal zone formed with its borderline nearly matching the exterior connecting line between the plate surfaces.

HEATING EFFECT OF VERY HIGH FREQUENCY CONDENSER FIELDS ON ORGANIC FLUIDS AND TISSUES

J. W. Schereschewsky · 1933

CONCERNING THE APPEARANCE OF THE STRING OF PEARL CHAIN FORMATION OF EMULSION PARTICLES UNDER THE EFFECT OF AN ALTERNATING FIELD

Ernst Muth · 1927

Relaxation Parameters of a Suspension of Membrane-Covered Ellipsoids

D. W. C. Shen, H. P. Schwan

The derived formulas for ellipsoids agree with Fricke's results for low and high concentrations when aligned, but with random orientation they match only at low concentration and differ slightly at high concentration. By combining the homogeneous ellipsoid concept with complex conductivity, the authors obtained dispersion equations showing a low-frequency dispersion from the core and three higher-frequency dispersions from the membrane. The model assumes the membrane thickness is much smaller than the ellipsoidal axes, allowing the core and membrane contributions to be distinguished in the equations.

EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION ON CULTIVATED RAT KANGAROO CELLS

Kenneth T. S. Yao, Mayme M. Jiles

Researchers grew cells derived from the bone marrow and retinal choroid of the rat kangaroo (Rotrurus tridactylus) and exposed them to 2450 MHz microwave radiation for 5 to 20 minutes at distances of 10, 25, or 50 cm. Short exposure times at the longer distances resulted in cell growth greater than that of unirradiated controls. Longer exposure times at shorter distances impaired cell proliferation. Chromosome damage appeared in cells exposed at 10 cm for at least 10 minutes, and the percentage of damaged cells increased with longer exposure. When cells were sensitized with 5-bromodeoxyuridine, chromosome damage tripled.

HEAT-INDUCED CATARACTS IN THE RAT LENS IN VITRO

Unknown authors

Researchers studied the effect of temperature on isolated rat lenses incubated in tissue culture medium. Lenses maintained clarity in medium 199 with 10% fetal calf serum for up to two weeks, but high glucose caused opacities and globular degeneration within one day. Similar loss of transparency occurred after lenses were warmed to 39°C or 41°C for one hour and then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Lenses exposed to 60°C or 65°C for one hour did not become opaque, likely due to fixation.

MICROWAVE ASPECTS OF MILLIMETER WAVE CW CELL IRRADIATION STUDIES

Unknown authors

The paper describes a microwave exposure system for three experiments using CW millimeter waves. The system uses a Siemens RWO-60 backward wave oscillator powered by a Micro-Now 702 supply with a 2-hour frequency stability of at least 1 part in 2000 near 50 GHz. A Narda horn with a 1 cm by 1.43 cm aperture is positioned about 2 mm above each biological sample, which is a 1-2.5 mm layer that absorbs nearly all incident power. The instrumentation measures net power leaving the horn and uses a standing wave indicator to keep power constant as samples are changed. The exposure chamber is temperature-stabilized by a water bath, and the horn is heated to match the bath temperature.

A SEARCH FOR FREQUENCY-SPECIFIC BIOEFFECTS CAUSED BY MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

Unknown authors

Monolayer cultures of BHK-21/C13 cells were exposed to E-band microwaves at 292 mW/cm2 or U-band at 177 mW/cm2 for 15 minutes, with four cultures per frequency. Protein synthesis was measured by autoradiography of 3H-methionine incorporation across the waveguide axis, providing data at 16 to 25 power densities per band. Results from 100 frequencies between 43–48 GHz and 65–70 GHz showed no significant difference from sham controls and no evidence of a power window.

THE EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION UPON MOLECULAR ORDER IN MULTILAMELLAR AND UNILAMELLAR MEMBRANE SYSTEMS: A RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION

Unknown authors

EFFECTS OF A.C. MAGNETIC FIELD ON LYMPHOMA CELLS

Unknown authors

In vitro, YAC mouse lymphoma cells were exposed to 130 Gauss, 1950 H for 48 and 96 hours. At 48 hours, cells in the magnetic field increased 31% with 85% viability, while control cells increased 75% with 89% viability. At 96 hours, magnetic field cells increased 149% with 88% viability versus 318% with 84% viability in controls. In vivo, mice injected with YAC lymphoma cells were exposed to 1,000 Gauss, 60 H for 17 days, and the exposed group showed slower tumor onset and lower average tumor weight (2.06 g) than controls (3.1 g).

MICROWAVE-INDUCED PRESSURE WAVES IN A MODEL OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE

Unknown authors

Researchers studied microwave-induced pressure waves in a simulated muscle tissue phantom using a radar transmitter at 5.62 GHz. The pressure waves propagated at approximately 1460 m/s in the phantom, slower than in saline, and a single pulse remained detectable after traveling more than 45 cm with reflection. Attenuation was higher and pressure levels appeared lower in the phantom compared to saline, and the authors suggested that focusing and resonance could occur under certain conditions.

A NOVEL IN VITRO METHOD FOR STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

Unknown authors

VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF IN VIVO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Unknown authors

The paper examines the detailed spectroscopic properties of the Fröhlich model for in vivo biological systems in the millimeter-wave and far-infrared region. Three spectroscopic observables are analyzed: emissivity, Raman-intensity ratio, and attenuation function. The attenuation function is invariant with changes in the photon distribution function and provides no information about Bose condensation onset. The Raman-intensity ratio approaches unity in the high photon occupation limit and is insensitive to the non-linear parameter in that limit. A single emissivity term for the lowest-frequency mode shows behavior distinctly different from blackbody terms and continues to discriminate between equilibrium and non-equilibrium cases independently of frequency.

О влиянии электрического поля ультравысокой частоты на окислительные процессы в изолированных клетках

Р. В. Братковский

Brilliant successes in radio engineering revealed ultra-high frequency electric fields as new acting biological factors. The effect of this field on biological structures began relatively recently. However, the accumulated experimental and clinical material proved extensive, diverse, though fragmented.

SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE EVALUATION GROUP

Roger Budd, Przemyslaw Czerski, LeRoy W. Schroeder

Researchers infected African green monkey kidney cells with herpes simplex virus and exposed them to a pulsed electromagnetic field for varying periods up to 48 hours. After 48 hours, they counted viral plaques and measured plaque size. Two experiments found no statistically significant differences in plaque numbers between exposed and control cultures. An initial suggestion of larger plaques in longer exposures was not confirmed in a second experiment with more uniform cell monolayers. The authors concluded that the screening system did not detect a biological effect of the pulsed electromagnetic field, though the device has been shown to affect immune cell functions in other studies.

The Dielectric Behavior of Aqueous Solutions of Bovine Serum Albumin from Radio Wave to Microwave Frequencies

Edward H. Grant, Susan E. Keefe, Shin Takashima

The study investigated the dielectric behavior of bovine serum albumin. Measurements were made from 200 MHz to 10,000 MHz at pH values 3.5, 4.5, 7.0, and 8.5 and concentrations ranging from 0.78 to 21%. A dielectric mixture theory was used to estimate the amount of bound water as a function of concentration and pH.

EFFECTS OF HYPERTHERMIA AND MICROWAVE INDUCED HYPERTHERMIC SHOCK ON HPC CELLS

Unknown authors

Researchers compared slow waterbath heating at 0.22°C per second with rapid microwave heating at 9.2°C per second before 15-minute hyperthermic exposures of human prostate cancer cells in vitro. The effect of the heating rate was small across the exposure range of 43.5 to 47.5°C. Microwave-induced hyperthermic shock followed by immediate waterbath cooling had no effect on cell survival below 43°C. Above 43°C, the percentage of cell survival decreased with increasing exposure temperature according to the linear relationship S = -11.6Tp + 593 with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Effects were assayed by cellular attachment and colony formation and shown by SEM photography.

Do Continuous Low-Level Millimeter Waves Alter Excimer Fluorescence in Natural and Model Membranes?

Shirley Motzkin, Julie Feinstein, Zhimeng Lu

REVIEW OF WORK ACCOMPLISHED AT THE NEW ENGLAND INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH

A. A. Teixoira-Pinto, John I. Cutler, John H. Heller

THE DIFFERENTIATION (RETRANSFORMATION) OF NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS AS AN INDICATOR OF THE BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY OF PULSED MAGNETIC RADIATION. THE NON-THERMAL EFFECTS OF PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON TUMOR GROWTH AND IN VITRO MOUSE PALATAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROBLASTOMA DIFFERENTIATION.

Unknown authors

Researchers placed neuroblastoma cells in homogeneous time-varying magnetic fields at 2 gauss average using 4-inch air gap coils. The induced current wave forms at yA/cm² level were designed to excite only surface or surface-coupled transport processes. Significant differences in dendritic outgrowth and surface adhesion versus multiplication were detected as a function of the induced current wave forms. In mice with transplanted Lewis lung tumors, 27 MHz pulsed fields inhibited or accelerated tumor growth depending on timing and pulsed frequencies.

INDUCTION OF CALCIUM ION EFFLUX FROM BRAIN TISSUE BY R.F. RADIATION: EFFECT OF SAMPLE NUMBER AND MODULATION FREQUENCY ON THE FIELD-STRENGTH WINDOW

Unknown authors

EFFECTS OF MILLIMETER WAVE IRRADIATION ON MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Unknown authors

Researchers irradiated freshly prepared rat liver mitochondria at 8.58 mm (35 GHz) and at 40 discrete wavelengths between 5.00 and 6.00 mm (60 to 50 GHz) to evaluate effects on oxidative phosphorylation. The study found no significant effect of millimeter wave irradiation on oxidative phosphorylation.