Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to electromagnetic waves from mobile phones at frequencies between 1900 and 2100 MHz for a four-week period to study effects on apoptosis-related proteins in brain tissue. Immunohistopathological examinations showed that the study group had more p53 and Bcl-2 positive stained cells, and they were stained denser, with statistically significant differences between the study and control groups (p < 0.003). The researchers concluded that electromagnetic waves from mobile phones may have an effect on apoptosis.
Wang H et al. · 2014
Eighty Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.856 GHz pulsed microwave source at power densities of 0 mW/cm2 and 50 mW/cm2 for 6 minutes, and then observed at multiple time points up to 18 months after exposure. The microwave-exposed rats showed consistent deficiencies in spatial learning and memory. The level of amino acid neurotransmitters decreased after microwave radiation, and the ratio of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid significantly decreased at 6 months. The hippocampus showed varying degrees of degeneration of neurons, and NR1 and NR2B expression showed a significant decrease, especially NR2B expression.
Sarapultseva EI, Igolkina JV, Tikhonov VN, Dubrova YE · 2014
Researchers exposed the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum to 1 GHz and 10 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at power flux densities ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 W/m2 for periods from 0.05 to 10 hours. Exposure to 0.1 W/m2 of either 1 or 10 GHz radiofrequency fields resulted in a significant decrease in the motility of the ciliates. The motility of unexposed offspring of ciliates that had been irradiated with 0.1 W/m2 of 10 GHz radiofrequency fields remained significantly compromised across at least 10 to 15 generations.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulsed-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day during gestation, then tested the offspring using behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological methods. Mobile phone exposure was associated with a decrease in the number of action potentials fired and an increase in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization in exposed offspring compared with controls. Phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention in both male and female offspring rats compared with control rats. Light microscopy of brain sections showed normal morphology in both control and mobile phone-exposed rats.
Qin F, Yuan H, Nie J, Cao Y, Tong J · 2014
Researchers exposed male mice to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields at 208 microW/cm2 for 0, 30, or 120 minutes per day for 30 days, while some groups also received nano-selenium by intra-gastric injection. Significant impairments in learning and memory were observed in the RF 120 min group, along with reduced acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activity and increased GABA, glutamate, and MDA in the brain. Nano-selenium supplementation decreased GABA, glutamate, and MDA levels and increased acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the exposed mice.
Qiao S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed Wistar rats, rat hippocampal synaptosomes, and PC12 cells to microwave radiation for 5 minutes at a mean power density of 30 mW/cm2. Spatial learning and memory in rats was assessed using the Morris Water Maze navigation task, and there was a decrease in spatial memory performance after microwave exposure. The expression of phosphorylated synapsin I (ser-553) was decreased at 3 days post-exposure and elevated at later time points, while GABA release from synaptosomes was attenuated. Both microwave exposure and synapsin I silencing reduced GABA release, and the greatest reduction was found when both were combined, indicating a synergetic effect.
Pelletier A et al. · 2014
Researchers recorded thermal preference and sleep in 18 young male Wistar rats, with nine exposed to a low-intensity RF-EMF at 900 MHz and nine serving as non-exposed controls. During the light period, exposed rats preferred to sleep at an air temperature of 31°C while controls preferred 28°C. During the dark period, no significant differences between groups were found.
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Kedage V, Nalini K, Nayak S, Bhat PG · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of adolescent rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were divided into a control group, a sham group, and an RF-EMR-exposed group, with 12 animals in each group. The exposed group received 900 MHz RF-EMR at a peak power density of 146.60 µW/cm2 for one hour per day for four weeks from an activated GSM mobile phone. Elevated TBARS levels were found in all brain regions studied, and altered behavioral performances were found in RF-EMR-exposed rats.
Maskey D, Kim MJ · 2014
Researchers applied radiofrequency at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg or 0 W/kg to mice to study the distribution of BDNF and GDNF in the nuclei of the superior olivary complex. In the exposed group, significant reductions in BDNF immunoreactivity were noted in the lateral superior olive, medial superior olive, superior paraolivary nucleus, and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. GDNF immunoreactivity was also significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in all superior olivary complex nuclei of the exposed group. The researchers suggested that the decrease in these neurotrophic factors in the superior olivary complex suggests a detrimental effect of RF exposure in the auditory nuclei.
Li H et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 2.856 GHz microwaves at power densities of 5, 10, 20, or 30 mW/cm2 for 6 minutes three times a week for up to 6 weeks. Spatial learning and memory, hippocampus structure, brain electrical activity, and neurotransmitter levels were assessed at different time points after the last exposure. The study found dose-dependent memory deficits alongside inhibition of brain electrical activity, hippocampus neuron degeneration, and neurotransmitter disturbances. The researchers suggested that the serotonin system may be involved in the cognitive deficits seen after long-term microwave exposure.
Júnior LC et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from a GSM cell phone (1·8 GHz) for 3 days. After exposure, behavioral tests including the open field and object recognition tests were performed. The exposed animals did not present anxiety patterns or working memory impairment, but stress behavior actions were observed.
Hu S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to high-power microwave at 30 mW cm−2 for 15 minutes, then administered the dietary supplement KFL orally once daily for 14 days. KFL reversed high-power microwave-induced memory loss and histopathological changes in the hippocampus of rats. KFL also displayed a protective effect against high-power microwave-induced oxidative stress and activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway and its target genes in the hippocampus.
Ghazizadeh V, Nazıroğlu M · 2014
Akbari A, Jelodar G, Nazifi S · 2014
Researchers exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to radiofrequency waves generated by a base transceiver station antenna model and measured oxidative stress markers in the cerebellum and encephalon. Antioxidant enzymes measured included glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, along with malondialdehyde (MDA). Exposure to radiofrequency waves decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased MDA compared with the control groups. Vitamin C supplementation improved antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced MDA in the group that also received radiofrequency wave exposure.
Unknown authors · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to 128 mT static magnetic field and administered iron supplementation at 3 mg/kg for 5 days, then tested spatial learning in a water maze and motor abilities on rotarod, stationary beam, and suspended string tests. Water maze acquisition was unaffected in all groups. SMF-exposed and iron-treated rats showed a deficit in the 7-day retention test. No deficit was found in rotarod and suspended string tests in any group. Only iron-treated rats were impaired in the stationary beam test, and combined exposure did not worsen performance further.
Unknown authors · 2013
Researchers exposed male CD1 mice to 50 Hz ELF magnetic fields at 0.1, 0.2, 1, or 2 mT for 7 days, 15 hours per day. Hsp70 expression was measured in cerebral cortex-striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum using RT-PCR and Western blot. DNA damage was assessed in the same tissues by comet assay. No changes in hsp70 mRNA or protein occurred except a weak mRNA increase in hippocampus at 0.1 mT. Mice exposed to 1 or 2 mT and sacrificed immediately showed increased DNA strand breaks in all brain areas, which returned to baseline after 24 hours.
Unknown authors · 2013
The study examined the therapeutic efficacy of low-dose cisplatin followed by exposure to a 10 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field on Ehrlich carcinoma in vivo. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were assessed using comet assay, mitotic index, and micronucleus induction, and tumor growth inhibition was also measured. Mice receiving both cisplatin and the magnetic field showed a 54% increase in damaged cells, and tumor growth at day 12 was significantly suppressed in all treatment groups compared with controls.
Unknown authors · 2013
Researchers assessed potential organ damage using histopathological study. Exposed rats showed significant differences in Olive moment and percent DNA in blood compared to controls. Hyperchromasia was observed in ovaries, and reduced germ cells with cell disorganization were seen in testes with increasing SARs.
Unknown authors · 2013
Researchers evaluated the effect of melatonin on oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis and proliferation in thymus tissue of rats exposed to microwaves. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: saline control, melatonin only, microwave exposed, and microwave exposed with melatonin treatment. Microwave exposure increased malondialdehyde, carbonyl groups, xanthine oxidase activity, alkaline and acid DNase activity, and apoptosis rate, while decreasing catalase activity and thymocyte proliferation. Melatonin prevented the oxidative stress markers, reversed enzyme activity changes, decreased DNase activity, reduced apoptosis, and increased thymocyte proliferation.
Yang L, Hao D, Wu S, Zhong R, Zeng Y. · 2013
The study numerically evaluated specific absorption rate and temperature rise in SD rat heads exposed to 900 MHz EMF. The digital anatomical model of a SD rat was reconstructed from MRI images and the finite difference time domain method was applied to assess SAR and temperature rise. Whole-body average SAR and localized SAR averaged over 1, 0.5 and 0.05 g mass for different organs and tissues were reported.
Tumkaya L, Kalkan Y, Bas O, Yilmaz A. · 2013
Researchers exposed 6 male Sprague Dawley rats to a mobile phone for 1 hour per day for 45 days while 6 control rats remained unexposed. Testes were examined with hematoxylin-eosin, caspase 3, and Ki-67 staining. No differences were found between exposed and control groups in testicular histology (p > 0.05). Interstitial connective tissue and seminiferous tubules appeared normal in exposed rats. The authors concluded that low specific absorption rate mobile phones have no harmful effects on pubertal rat testicles.
Trošić I, Mataušić-Pišl M, Pavičić I, Marjanović AM. · 2013
Researchers divided 18 adult male rats into two groups of nine and exposed one group to a 915 MHz RF field with a power density of 2.4 W m(-2) and a field strength of 30 V m(-1) for one hour daily over two weeks. Body mass and temperature were measured before and after each exposure, after which testes were prepared for histology and epididymal sperm were assessed for quantity, quality, and morphology. No statistically significant alterations were found in any endpoint, and the authors concluded that short-time intermittent RF exposure does not represent a significant risk factor for rat reproductive functions.
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed male and female Wistar rats to a 2450 MHz Wi-Fi signal for 1 hour per day, 6 days per week. Exposure lasted 3 weeks for males and 2 weeks for females before mating, then continued for 3 more weeks during gestation. No deleterious effects on reproductive organs or fertility were observed, and no macroscopic abnormalities were found in fetuses even at 4 W/kg.
Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Colbay M, Yetkin I, Seyhan N. · 2013
Researchers exposed male Wistar albino rats to 1800 MHz or 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 30 min per day, 6 days per week, for either a month or two months. They measured micronucleus frequency in exfoliated bladder cells as an indicator of genotoxic damage. No significant differences in micronucleus frequency were found between any exposed group and its corresponding control group, nor between the two 2100 MHz exposure durations.
Akdag MZ et al. · 2013
No significant differences were found in reproductive or oxidative stress parameters between sham and exposed groups. The 500 μT exposure increased the final apoptosis score compared with sham, whereas the 100 μT exposure did not.
