Li Y, Shi C, Lu G, Xu Q, Liu S. · 2012
Researchers exposed 8-week-old Wistar rats to near-field radiation at 0.52–1.08 W/kg for 2 hours per day for 1 month. Behavioral changes were examined using the Morris water maze, and the irradiated rats exhibited impaired performance compared with the sham-irradiated rats. The morphological changes included mitochondrial degenerations, fewer synapses, and shorter postsynaptic densities in the radiated rats.
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2012
Researchers investigated the effects of two sources of electromagnetic fields on the proteome of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and frontal lobe in Balb/c mice following long-term whole body irradiation. Across both exposure types, 143 proteins showed significantly altered expression, ranging from as low as 0.003 fold downregulation up to 114 fold overexpression. The altered proteins included neural function related proteins, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and proteins of brain metabolism across nearly all brain regions studied.
Bouji M, Lecomte A, Hode Y, de Seze R, Villégier AS · 2012
Researchers assessed the effects of a single GSM exposure at 900 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 6 W/kg on young adult (6-week-old) and middle-aged (12-month-old) rats. The study measured brain IL-1β and IL-6, plasmatic corticosterone levels, and emotional memory. Results showed an IL-1β increase in the olfactory bulb and enhanced contextual emotional memory in GSM-exposed middle-aged rats, while plasmatic corticosterone levels increased in GSM-exposed young adults. Acute GSM exposure did not induce astrocyte activation, in contrast to previously published work.
Bodera P et al. · 2012
Researchers studied how high-frequency electromagnetic fields affect pain perception and the pain-relieving activity of tramadol in rats. Exposures at 1500 MHz and modulated 1800 MHz were applied, and paw withdrawal latency to a thermal stimulus was measured before and after injections of either tramadol or a vehicle. EMF exposure alone produced no differences in pain perception compared with controls, but EMF at both frequencies transiently suppressed the analgesic effect of tramadol at 30 minutes after drug injection.
Aldad TS, Gan G, Gao XB, Taylor HS · 2012
Researchers used a mouse model to examine whether in-utero radiofrequency exposure from cellular telephones affects adult behavior. Mice exposed in the womb were hyperactive and had impaired memory, as measured using the object recognition, light/dark box, and step-down assays. The exposed mice also had dose-responsive impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex.
Cogulu O. · 2012
Researchers exposed mouse brain cell cultures to radiofrequency waves to evaluate genotoxic effects. The cultures were exposed to 10.715 GHz signals at a specific absorption rate of 0.725 W/kg for 6 hours over 3 days at 25°C. The study measured changes in the micronucleus assay and in the expression of 11 proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. The micronuclei rate increased 11-fold and STAT3 expression decreased 7-fold in the exposed cell cultures.
Unknown authors · 2011
The experiments tested the effects of motion through a 14.1 T magnetic field on rats, and repeated traversal of the gradient with momentary exposure suppressed rearing and induced a significant conditioned taste aversion. Repeated insertion and removal from the magnet did not have a greater effect than a single 30-min exposure on either acute locomotor behavior or CTA acquisition. Prolonged exposure was required to induce locomotor circling. Locomotor circling appeared to be dependent on the speed of insertion and removal, but the suppression of rearing and the acquisition of CTA were independent of speed of insertion and removal. Rotation within the magnet did not modulate the behavioral effects of exposure.
Unknown authors · 2011
Unknown authors · 2011
Researchers exposed rats to ELF-MF at 60 Hz and 0.1 mT for durations of 24 hours and 1 or 2 weeks. Exposure altered the distribution and occurrence of gastrin, ghrelin, and somatostatin-positive endocrine cells in the stomach. Hormone secretion into blood did not change significantly with ELF-MF exposure. ELF-MF exposure for 1 and 2 weeks increased the BaSO4 suspension propelling ratio, indicating effects on gastrointestinal motility.
Unknown authors · 2011
Researchers exposed female NMRI mice to a 50-Hz, 0.5 mT electromagnetic field for four hours per day, six days a week over two weeks. After eight days of exposure, the mice were superovulated with hormone injections, mated overnight, and blastocysts were flushed from the uterus at about four days post-mating. The exposed group had significantly fewer blastocysts than controls. DNA fragmentation in blastocyst cells was significantly higher in the exposed group (10.53% vs 7.14%). The numbers of blastomeres and pregnant mice did not differ significantly between groups.
Unknown authors · 2011
Unknown authors · 2011
In part B, mice were transplanted intraperitoneally with ascites (Ehrlich-Lettre ascites, strain E) carcinoma cells and then exposed to 112 MHz amplitude-modulated radiation at 16 Hz and 2.45 GHz radiation separately for 14 days. No tumor development occurred in mice exposed to radiofrequency or microwave radiation after a single topical dose of DMBA. Mice transplanted with Ehrlich-Lettre ascites carcinoma cells and exposed to the fields showed a slight but insignificant increase in cell numbers compared to controls.
Unknown authors · 2011
The study found no effect on the hematopoietic system in rats exposed to 900 MHz CW RF at 2 W/kg SAR. The exposure level was the ICNIRP public exposure limit for localized SAR.
Sambucci M et al. · 2011
Newborn mice were exposed to WiFi signals at SAR of 0.08 or 4 W/kg, 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 5 weeks starting the day after birth. No effects were seen on most immune parameters in either sex, but male mice exposed at 4 W/kg showed reduced IFN-γ production in spleen cells. The researchers concluded that early post-natal WiFi exposure does not induce detrimental effects on the developing immune system. The study used a blind procedure with sham controls and found no differences in body weight or development between groups.
Lee HJ et al. · 2011
Researchers examined the effects of combined exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on rat testicular function, specifically spermatogenesis. Male rats were exposed to CDMA and WCDMA RF signals for 12 weeks at 45 minutes per day, 5 days per week, with a whole-body average SAR of 2.0 W/kg each or 4.0 W/kg total. They investigated sperm count, testosterone concentration, malondialdehyde concentrations, spermatogenesis stages, and apoptotic cells in the testes.
Lee HJ et al. · 2011
Six-week-old AKR/J mice were simultaneously exposed to CDMA and WCDMA RF-EMFs for 45 minutes per day, five days per week, for 42 weeks. The whole-body average SAR was 2.0 W/kg for each signal, totaling 4.0 W/kg. No differences were found in final survival, lymphoma incidence, or splenomegaly incidence between sham- and RF-exposed mice. However, brain metastasis infiltration in lymphoma-bearing mice was significantly different in RF-exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice, with no consistent correlation between sexes. Infiltration to liver, lung, and spleen did not differ between groups.
Jin YB, Lee HJ, Seon Lee J, Pack JK, Kim N, Lee YS. · 2011
Researchers exposed two groups of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats to CDMA and WCDMA radiofrequency fields simultaneously at 2.0 W/kg each for 45 minutes per day, five days a week, for one year. No significant alteration in body weight was observed with the combined exposure. Total tumour incidence did not differ between exposed and sham-exposed animals. Most exposed rats showed no significant changes in urinalysis, haematology, blood biochemistry, or histopathology. However, some altered parameters in complete blood count and serum chemistry were seen in exposed rats.
Imai N, Kawabe M, Hikage T, Nojima T, Takahashi S, Shirai T. · 2011
Researchers exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to a 1.95 GHz W-CDMA signal for 5 hours per day, 7 days a week for 5 weeks at whole-body SARs of 0.4 and 0.08 W/kg. There were no differences in body weight gain or weights of the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate among the groups. The number of sperm in the testis and epididymis were not decreased in the EMF exposed groups, and the testicular sperm count was significantly increased with the 0.4 SAR. Abnormalities of sperm motility or morphology and the histological appearance of seminiferous tubules, including the stage of the spermatogenic cycle, were not observed. Thus, under the present exposure conditions, no testicular toxicity was evident.
Meo SA et al. · 2011
Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: a control group of eight, a group exposed for 30 minutes/day, and a group exposed for 60 minutes/day for a total period of 3 months. Testicular morphological changes were examined under a light microscope. The 60-minute exposure group showed 18.75% hypospermatogenesis and 18.75% maturation arrest compared to controls, while the 30-minute group showed no abnormal findings.
Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2011
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to a 2.45 GHz microwave field for two hours per day over 60 days. They also applied a 100 Hz pulsed electromagnetic field to some groups, either alone or combined with the microwave exposure. Microwave exposure significantly increased caspase and creatine kinase levels and decreased testosterone and melatonin. Pulsed electromagnetic field exposure relieves the effect of microwave exposure by inducing Faraday currents.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus using c-Fos protein expression as a marker of cellular activation. Rats were exposed once or repeatedly (ten times in two weeks) to 2.45 GHz radiation at power intensities of 3 and 12 W in a GTEM cell, with SAR determined by Finite Difference Time Domain calculation. High SAR increased c-Fos expression at 90 minutes and 24 hours post-exposure, low SAR increased c-Fos counts at 24 hours, and repeated 3 W exposure increased PVN activation by more than 100% compared to acute exposure and non-radiated controls.
Chaturvedi CM et al. · 2011
Türker Y et al. · 2011
Thirty male Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups, with three groups receiving 2.45-GHz radiation for 60 minutes per day over 28 days. Radiation exposure increased lipid peroxidation and decreased vitamins A, C, and E in heart tissue.
Prochnow N et al. · 2011
Researchers applied UMTS radio-frequency signals to male Wistar rats at whole-brain SAR levels of 0, 2, and 10 W/kg for 120 minutes. They measured stress hormones corticosterone and ACTH and recorded hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Cage exposure increased corticosterone and ACTH levels and was associated with generally decreased LTP and LTD. At 2 W/kg the rats showed no difference from sham in LTP and LTD, while at 10 W/kg a significant reduction in both was observed.
Cao Y, Xu Q, Jin ZD, Zhou Z, Nie JH, Tong J. · 2011
Adult male Kunming mice were exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at power intensities of 12, 120 and 1200 μW/cm(2) for 1 h/day for 14 days and then subjected to whole body gamma-irradiation. Compared with mice exposed to gamma-radiation alone, the RF pre-exposed mice showed a significant increase in survival time and a reduction in hematopoietic tissue damage. The researchers described this effect as appearing similar to the 'adaptive response' which is well documented in scientific literature.
