Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rudiger H. · 2005
Researchers exposed cultured human diploid fibroblasts and transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at SAR levels of 1.2 or 2 W/kg, using both intermittent and continuous exposures. DNA strand breaks were determined by means of the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Effects occurred after 16 h exposure in both cell types, and intermittent exposure showed a stronger effect in the comet assay than continuous exposure. The researchers concluded that the induced DNA damage cannot be based on thermal effects.
Anderson, L. · 2004
Researchers conducted a two-year chronic bioassay to determine whether long-term exposure to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency field would affect cancer incidence in Fischer 344 rats. Timed-pregnant rats were assigned to far-field RF Iridium or sham groups, with whole-body exposures starting at 19 days gestation for 2 hours per day, 7 days per week until weaning. Offspring then received near-field head-first exposures 2 hours per day, 5 days per week from 36 days old until 2 years of age at brain SAR levels of 1.6 W/kg, 0.16 W/kg, or sham. No statistically significant differences were seen among groups for live pups per litter, survival index, weaning weights, clinical signs, or neoplastic lesions, and male survival was similar across groups while female cage controls had reduced survival time.
Vijayalaxmi, Logani MK, Bhanushali A, Marvin C · 2004
Researchers investigated the genotoxic potential of 42.2 GHz millimeter-wave radiation in adult male BALB/c mice exposed for 30 minutes daily over three days at an incident power density of 31.5 mW/cm². They assessed micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of peripheral blood and bone marrow collected 24 hours after treatment. Cyclophosphamide significantly increased micronuclei, but millimeter-wave exposure did not modify this increase.
Unknown authors · 2004
Researchers compared two Sprague-Dawley substrains, SD1 and SD2, for magnetic field effects on cell proliferation, susceptibility to DMBA-induced mammary cancer, and tumor development in the DMBA model. The SD1 substrain was considered MF-sensitive and was compared with SD2 from the same breeder. Magnetic field exposure significantly increased mammary tumor development and growth in SD1 rats but not in SD2 rats. No enhanced cell proliferation was determined after magnetic field exposure in SD2 rats, unlike in SD1 rats. The researchers concluded that genetic background plays a pivotal role in magnetic field exposure effects.
Unknown authors · 2004
Researchers exposed cerebral cortical neurons from postnatal rats to low-intensity 900MHz continuous microwave electromagnetic fields at 9mW/cm2 with a SAR of 3.22mW/g for 2 hours per day over 4 or 5 consecutive days and also for 12 hours at a time. They measured cytochrome oxidase activity as a marker of energy metabolism. Compared to sham-exposed neurons, cytochrome oxidase activity decreased significantly in neurons exposed for 2 hours per day and in those exposed for 12 hours (P < 0.001).
Sommer AM, Streckert J, Bitz AK, Hansen VW, Lerchl A · 2004
Survival rate and lymphoma incidence did not differ between exposed and sham-exposed mice. Exposed mice gained more weight than sham-exposed mice. The data do not support the hypothesis that 900 MHz fields are a significant risk factor for lymphoma in this genetically predisposed strain.
Ono T et al. · 2004
A possible mutagenic effect of 2.45 GHz radiofrequency exposure was examined using lacZ-transgenic MutaTM mice. Offspring were exposed in utero for 16 hours a day from embryonic day 0 to 15 and examined at 10 weeks of age. Mutation frequencies at the lacZ gene in spleen, liver, brain, and testis were similar to those in non-exposed mice. Sequencing of mutant DNAs showed no appreciable difference in mutation quality between exposed and non-exposed samples.
Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz fields at 0.6 W/kg for 45 minutes daily over 10 days in circularly polarized waveguides and gave them a pre-exposure injection of a psychoactive compound or saline. Error rate analysis showed no significant effect of microwave exposure, no drug effect, and no exposure-drug interaction, while performance improved across test days indicating learning. Time to criterion showed no significant exposure effect but a significant drug effect, a significant test day effect, and a significant drug-by-test-day interaction. The authors concluded there is no evidence that microwave radiation exposure under the tested parameters caused decrements in spatial memory learning.
Lagroye I et al. · 2004
The study aimed to investigate the effect of 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwaves on DNA damage in rat brain cells and whether proteinase K is needed to detect such damage. Rats exposed to γ-rays showed significant DNA damage using both comet assay versions independent of proteinase K. Neither assay version detected any difference in comet length or normalized comet moment between sham-exposed and microwave-exposed rats regardless of proteinase K inclusion. No DNA damage was detected in brain cells after exposure to 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwaves at 1.2 W kg−1 regardless of proteinase K inclusion. The results support the conclusion that low-level 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwave exposures do not induce DNA damage detectable by the alkaline comet assay.
Hook et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed J774.16 mouse macrophage cells to FMCW radiation at 835.62 MHz and CDMA radiation at 847.74 MHz for 20–22 hours at a specific absorption rate of 0.8 W/kg. Cells were stimulated with γ-interferon and bacterial lipopolysaccharide before exposure. The results indicated that FMCW- and CDMA-modulated RF radiation did not alter parameters indicative of oxidative stress in J774.16 cells.
Tzaphlidou M, Fotiou E. · 2004
The study aimed to investigate the effects of a 910-MHz electromagnetic field on rat cranial arachnoid and dura mater collagen. Rat arachnoid and dura mater collagen fibrils were exposed to 910 MHz for 2 h/day for 30 consecutive days. Axial periodicity was measured by image analysis of electron-optical data and compared with sham-exposed animals. The measurements revealed that exposure affected intermolecular interactions during collagen fibril assembly.
Demsia G, Vlastos D, Matthopoulos DP. · 2004
The study aimed to investigate whether 910-MHz electromagnetic fields could be a noxious agent capable of inducing genotoxicity, and rats were exposed daily for 2 h over 30 consecutive days. Researchers examined bone marrow smears from EMF-exposed and sham-exposed animals and observed an almost threefold increase in micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. An induction of micronuclei was also observed in polymorphonuclear cells.
Kim MJ, Rhee SJ. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 15 minutes and then fed them diets containing 0%, 0.25%, or 0.5% catechin. Microwave exposure increased cytochrome P450 levels by 85% and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase activity by 29% compared with normal rats. It also raised superoxide radical concentrations by 35% and decreased superoxide dismutase activity by 34% and glutathione peroxidase activity by 28%. Catechin supplementation at 0.25% and 0.5% lowered superoxide radicals by 11% and 12%, increased superoxide dismutase activity by 19% and 25%, and kept glutathione peroxidase near normal.
Ilhan A et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba on mobile phone-induced oxidative damage in rat brain tissue. Mobile phone exposure increased malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, xanthine oxidase, and adenosine deaminase while decreasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in brain tissue. Ginkgo biloba treatment prevented these oxidative alterations and the mobile phone-induced cellular injury in brain tissue.
Ayata A et al. · 2004
Thirty Wistar-Albino rats were assigned to control, irradiated, and irradiated-plus-melatonin groups, and the irradiated group received 900 MHz, 2 W radiation for 30 minutes daily over 10 days. The melatonin group received 10 mg/kg/day melatonin in tap water for 10 days before irradiation. Skin samples were analyzed for malondialdehyde, hydroxyproline, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Radiation significantly increased MDA, hydroxyproline, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreased SOD; melatonin reversed the increases in MDA, hydroxyproline, CAT, and GSH-Px but did not prevent the SOD decrease. The results suggest that 900 MHz radiation increases fibrosis and lipid peroxidation in rat skin and that melatonin can reduce these effects.
Zwirska-Korczala K et al. · 2004
Vorobyov V, Pesic V, Janac B, Prolic Z. · 2004
Researchers exposed rats repeatedly for three days to low-intensity 915 MHz microwaves modulated at 4 Hz and recorded EEG from the somatosensory cortex. Microwave exposure alone significantly enhanced fast EEG rhythms (18-30 Hz), an effect not seen in sham-exposed or radiation-naïve rats. In microwave-exposed rats, scopolamine did not cause the EEG slowing observed in non-exposed rats, and its effect resembled that of physostigmine in naive animals.
Radzievsky AA et al. · 2004
Researchers used a murine model of B16 F10 melanoma to test millimeter wave treatment at 61.22 GHz with 13.3 x 10(-3) W/cm2 power density, 15-minute exposures to the nose. Five daily exposures starting on day five after tumor cell injection suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth. Pretreatment with naloxone completely abolished this suppression. The same treatment started on day one or day ten was ineffective.
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to pulsed GSM-like radiofrequency radiation at 9.4 GHz and 5 microW/cm2 during early gestation. They measured bone morphogenetic protein and receptor expression in newborn kidneys using semi-quantitative duplex RT-PCR. Exposure increased BMP-4 and BMPR-IA expression and decreased BMPR-II expression, with statistical significance depending on exposure timing. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules. The authors suggest these molecular changes do not affect renal organogenesis but may reflect a developmental delay, and that exposure timing influences effects.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2004
Protein kinase C activity was measured in whole brain, hippocampus, and whole brain minus hippocampus after exposure. A significant decrease in enzyme level was observed in exposed rats compared to sham-exposed rats.
Novoselova EG et al. · 2004
Researchers studied effects of weak microwaves (8.15–18 GHz, 1 µW/cm2, 1.5 h daily) and antioxidant diet on TNF production in healthy and tumor-bearing mice. Microwave radiation and antioxidant diet stimulated TNF production in cells from healthy mice. In tumor-bearing mice, microwave exposure increased TNF production compared to unirradiated mice, while antioxidant diet did not affect TNF secretion. Prolonged microwave treatment decreased tumor growth rate and increased longevity in tumor-bearing mice, but antioxidant diet did not.
Mausset-Bonnefont AL et al. · 2004
Researchers used a head-only exposure device to expose rats to 900-MHz pulsed microwaves at 6 W/kg for 15 minutes. The exposure induced a strong glial reaction in the brain, particularly in the striatum. Significant immediate effects were observed on the Kd and Bmax values of NMDA and GABA(A) receptors and on dopamine transporters, along with a decrease in NMDA receptors at the postsynaptic membrane. General locomotor behavior was not significantly altered in the short term.
Lai H. · 2004
Microwave-exposed rats had a significant deficit in learning the platform location compared with sham-exposed rats. Noise exposure alone did not affect performance, but simultaneous noise exposure significantly reduced the microwave-induced learning deficit. In the probe trial, microwave-exposed rats spent less time in the target quadrant, whereas microwave-plus-noise rats performed like sham rats.
Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. · 2004
Rats were tested in a 12-arm radial-maze after daily exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves for 45 minutes at a SAR of 0.6 W/kg. The performance of exposed rats was comparable to that found in sham-exposed or in naive rats.
Anderson LE et al. · 2004
Researchers set out to determine whether long-term exposure to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency field would affect cancer incidence in Fischer 344 rats. Offspring were exposed to near-field radiofrequency signals at brain SAR levels of 1.6 W/kg or 0.16 W/kg for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, from about 36 days old until they were 2 years old. No statistically significant differences were found among treatment groups for neoplastic lesions or other clinical signs.
