Maillefer RH, Quock RM · 1992
Male Swiss Webster mice were exposed to 10, 15, and 20 mW/cm2 RFR at 2450 MHz for 10 minutes at SARs of 23.7, 34.6, and 45.5 W/kg, then tested in the abdominal constriction paradigm. Confinement alone did not appreciably alter body temperature but appeared to induce stress-associated analgesia that was not blocked by naltrexone. RFR exposure raised body temperature and further increased analgesia in an SAR-dependent manner. The high SAR-induced analgesia was blocked by naltrexone, but the hyperthermia was not.
Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A, Guy AW · 1992
Researchers exposed rats to single 45-minute and repeated daily 45-minute microwave sessions at 2450 MHz, 1 mW/cm², with a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg. After a single exposure, receptor concentration increased in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus or cerebellum. No significant change in binding affinity of the receptors was observed in any of the brain regions studied. After repeated exposures, no significant change in receptor concentration was found in the cerebral cortex. Handling and exposure procedures did not significantly affect benzodiazepine receptors.
Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A, Guy AW, · 1992
Researchers investigated which opioid receptor subtypes mediate a microwave-induced decrease in central cholinergic activity in rats. Rats were pretreated with specific antagonists of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors before exposure to microwaves. All three receptor subtypes were involved in the decrease in cholinergic activity in the hippocampus.
Inaba R, Shishido K, Okada A, Moroji T. · 1992
Chou CK, Guy AW, Kunz LL, Johnson RB, Crowley JJ, Krupp JH · 1992
Two hundred male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned in equal numbers to radiation-exposure and sham-exposure conditions, with exposure beginning at 8 weeks of age and continuing daily for 25 months. The experimental rats were exposed to 2,450-MHz pulsed microwaves at 800 pps with a 10-microseconds pulse width, square-wave modulated at 8-Hz. Blood samples were analyzed at regular intervals for serum chemistries, hematological values, protein electrophoretic patterns, thyroxine, and plasma corticosterone levels.
Nelson BK et al. · 1991
The exploratory study aimed to determine whether concurrent exposure to RF radiation and 2-methoxyethanol enhances developmental toxicity in rats. In the primary study, pregnant rats were exposed to RF radiation sufficient to raise rectal temperature to 42.0°C for 30 minutes and given 150 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol by gavage, and the combination raised mean fetal malformations per litter to 76% from 14% with 2ME alone and 30% with RF alone. The severity of malformations also increased with the combination, scoring 6 on a relative severity scale compared with less than 1 for 2ME alone and 3 for RF alone.
Somosy Z, Thuroczy G, Kubasova T, Kovacs J, Szabo LD · 1991
Researchers exposed mouse embryo 3T3 cells to 2450 MHz continuous and 16 Hz square-modulated microwaves at absorbed energies from 0.0024 to 2.4 mW/g. Modulated waves caused more morphological changes than continuous waves at the same intensity. Cell surface negative charge decreased after modulated-wave exposure but was unchanged after continuous-wave exposure at the same dose. Modulated waves at 0.024 mW/g increased cell ruffling and caused cytoplasmic ultrastructural alterations, while continuous waves required higher doses of 0.24 and 2.4 mW/g for similar effects.
Lange DG, Sedmak J · 1991
Microwave exposure produced a dose-dependent increase in JEV-induced lethality. Hypercarbia at 5, 10, and 20% CO2 also produced a dose-dependent increase in JEV-induced lethality.
Krause D, Mullins JM, Penafiel LM, Meister R, Nardone RM, · 1991
Researchers studied the effects of 2.45-GHz continuous-wave microwaves on interferon-regulated enzymes in murine L929 cells. Radioactive 2-5A binding to RNase L was 14.5% above control in sham-exposed samples and 36.4% above control in microwave-exposed samples. RNase L specific activity rose along with the increased 2-5A binding, but 2-5A synthetase specific activity showed no change. No detectable differences were noted in cell viability, plating efficiency, or proliferation rate after exposure.
Veyret B et al. · 1991
Researchers exposed Balb/C mice to pulsed microwaves at 9.4 GHz, both with and without amplitude modulation at frequencies between 14 and 41 MHz, to assess effects on the immune system. Exposure took place for five consecutive days at 10 hours per day, at a whole-body-averaged SAR of approximately 0.015 W/kg. When the pulsed field was combined with amplitude modulation, immune responses were significantly augmented or weakened depending on the AM frequency used, while the pulsed field alone did not greatly alter immune responsiveness.
Akyel Y, Hunt EL, Gambrill C, Vargas C Jr, · 1991
Researchers studied the behavioral effects of high-peak-power microwave pulses on Wistar rats trained to press a lever for food pellets. Each animal was exposed for 10 min to 1.25-GHz microwave radiation at 1-MW peak-power, with total doses set to 0.50, 1.5, 4.5, and 14 kJ/kg. At the highest dose, rats showed an average colonic temperature rise of 2.5 °C and failed to respond for about 13 minutes after exposure. No behavioral effects were found at the lower dose levels, and researchers concluded the effects were thermal in nature.
Meltz ML, Eagan P, Erwin DN · 1990
Researchers studied forward mutation at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse leukemic cells exposed to 2.45-GHz pulsed-wave RFR and proflavin. Exposures used 500 or 600 W net forward power, giving a SAR of approximately 40 W/kg, for 4 hours with temperature controls. No statistically significant increase in mutant frequency was found with combined RFR and proflavin versus proflavin alone, no change in colony-size distribution occurred, and RFR alone showed no mutagenic action.
Ray S, Behari J · 1990
Researchers studied the effects of exposure to sublethal levels of microwaves. Young albino rats of both sexes were exposed for 60 days to 7.5-GHz microwaves at 0.6 mW/cm2 for 3 hours daily. The exposed animals tended to eat and drink less and showed a smaller gain in body weight. Some hematological parameters and organ weights were significantly different in exposed rats. The authors proposed that a nonspecific stress response mediated through the central nervous system caused the changes.
Unknown authors · 1989
Parker JE, Kiel JL, Winters WD · 1988
Researchers exposed four rodent cell lines to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at a Specific Absorption Rate of 103.5 +/- 4.2 W/kg at temperatures of 37, 40, 42, and 45 degrees C. The researchers extracted mRNA from exposed and sham-exposed cells and used DNA probes of oncogenes, heat shock protein, or long terminal repeat sequences to look for differences in mRNA expression. With the cell lines and probes used, no significant differences in mRNA expression were observed after microwave exposure.
D'Andrea JA, DeWitt JR, Portuguez LM, Gandhi OP. · 1988
Two experiments tested whether frequency-specific hotspot formation in the body and tail of rats would have behavioral consequences. Rats were placed in a cage where occupying one side triggered microwave exposure and occupying the other side ended it. Reduced exposure to 360-MHz and 2450-MHz microwaves at 1, 2, 6 and 10 W/kg were significantly different from 700-MHz microwaves. A second experiment found the threshold for reduced exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves fell between whole-body SARs of 2.1 and 2.8 W/kg.
Chang-Zern Hong, David Harmon, Jen Yu · 1986
Nerve conduction showed no significant change in distal latencies or compound muscle action potential amplitudes at field densities up to 1.2 tesla for 60 seconds. Nerve excitability, measured as submaximally evoked compound muscle action potential amplitude changes, increased significantly when the nerve was exposed to fields stronger than 0.5 tesla for longer than 30 seconds. The excitability increase disappeared one minute after the magnetic field exposure ended.
Unknown authors · 1984
Researchers gave 10 mg of DMBA per 100 g body weight by stomach tube to rats from two sources. Dutch-source rats showed about 25% carcinoma and 18% fibroadenoma rates after 367 days. U.S.-source rats showed 90-100% carcinoma and 83-95% fibroadenoma rates after 300 days.
Unknown authors · 1981
Melatonin given daily for 90 days significantly reduced mammary tumor incidence from 79% in controls to 20% in treated rats. Pinealectomy at 20 days of age increased tumor incidence to 88% compared to 22% in controls. Melatonin partially reversed pinealectomy effects, reducing incidence from 87% to 63%. Plasma prolactin was significantly lower in melatonin-treated animals (27 ng/ml) versus vehicle-treated (65 ng/ml).
BLAKE S. WILSON et al. · 1980
Guy, Arthur W., Wallace, Jack, McDougall, John A. · 1979
Kenji TAZAWA et al. · 1979
James P. Dilger et al. · 1979
Carl H. Sutton, Frederick B. Carroll · 1979
Researchers used Sprague-Dawley male rats to study the tolerance of the blood-brain barrier to microwave irradiation at 2450 MHz. Horseradish peroxidase was administered 30 minutes before sacrifice to assess barrier disruption, and brains were analyzed after perfusion. In normothermic rats, the barrier was disrupted after 10 minutes at 45°C, 15 minutes at 42°C, and 60 minutes at 40°C; in hypothermic rats, disruption occurred after longer durations at the same temperatures.
James C. Lin, John C. Nelson, Merlin E. Ekstrom · 1979
Researchers exposed C3H mice to 148 MHz RF energy at 0.5 mW/cm2 for one hour a day, five days a week, for 10 weeks starting shortly after birth. They monitored body weight daily for ten weeks then weekly, drew blood at multiple ages for analysis, and performed necropsy with histopathology on randomly selected animals. No effects were found on blood cells, body mass, or lesion incidence, onset, prevalence, extent, or type compared to sham controls.
