Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M. · 2003
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 1,617 patients aged 20-80 with histopathology-verified brain tumours diagnosed from 1997 to 2000, each matched to a control from the Swedish Population Register. Tumours in the temporal area on the same side as phone use had higher risk for analogue phones (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.2-4.1), acoustic neurinoma risk was OR=4.4 (95% CI=2.1-9.2) for analogue users, and risk rose per year of analogue use (OR=1.04 per year, 95% CI=1.01-1.08).
Ha M, Lim HJ, Cho SH, Choi HD, Cho KY. · 2003
Grigor'ev IuG. · 2003
The study aimed to investigate biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo using mortality rate as a risk assessment. Chicken embryos were exposed to EMF from a GSM mobile phone during the 21-day embryonic development. The embryo mortality rate in the incubation period increased to 75% versus 16% in the control group.
Gadhia PK, Shah T, Mistry A, Pithawala M, Tamakuwala D. · 2003
Dimbylow P, Khalid M, Mann S. · 2003
Researchers performed FDTD calculations of SAR from a representative TETRA handset in an anatomically realistic head model. The handset operating at 1 W in normal use complied with both ICNIRP occupational and public exposure restrictions. The handset with a monopole antenna operating at 3 W in normal use also complied with both ICNIRP occupational and public exposure restrictions. The handset with a helical antenna at 3 W complied with the occupational restriction but exceeded the public restriction by up to 50% if held at the maximum SAR position for 6 minutes continuously. Calculations covered handset positions in front of the face and at both sides of the head.
D'Costa H et al. · 2003
Researchers recorded EEG from ten awake subjects while a mobile phone behind the head emitted radiofrequency fields. The study tested a GSM phone at full radiated power and a phone in active standby mode, each with five active and five sham exposures in randomized five-minute intervals. The experiment was single-blind and compared average EEG band power between active and sham recordings. Statistical tests showed significant differences in the full-power trial for EEG alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (13-32 Hz) bands. Analysis of median spectral power across 32 discrete frequencies found significant differences in 7 frequencies overall.
Cranfield C, Wieser HG, Al Madan J, Dobson J. · 2003
Researchers tested a bacterial analogue (Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) that produces intracellular biogenic magnetite similar to that in the human brain. Exposure to mobile phone emissions resulted in a significantly higher proportion of cell death in exposed cultures versus sham exposure (p = 0.037). The authors noted it is not yet clear whether this would extrapolate to a deleterious health effect in humans.
Consiglio W, Driscoll P, Witte M, Berg WP. · 2003
The experiment studied the effect of phone conversations and other potential interference on reaction time in a braking response. Twenty-two participants used a laboratory station that simulated foot activity in driving. Mean reaction time was measured across five conditions: control, listening to a radio, conversing with a passenger, conversing using a hand-held phone, and conversing using a hands-free phone. Conversation, whether in-person or via cellular phone, slowed reaction time, while listening to the radio did not.
Cohen JT, Graham JD. · 2003
Researchers revised assumptions from two previous analyses to make them consistent and updated them with recent data. The best estimate for net benefit of cell phone use while driving was zero, differing substantially from the earlier study. The revised cost-effectiveness estimate showed the cost per quality adjusted life year increased modestly compared to the previous estimate. Both estimates were described as very uncertain.
Bit-Babik G et al. · 2003
Researchers investigated the estimation of SAR in the human head and body from handheld mobile phones with hands-free accessories. The results show that the opposite is observed when proper dosimetric methods are employed. Human phantoms for such measurements should include the torso, not just the head, because the body strongly attenuates RF energy coupled into the accessory leads. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements agree that hands-free accessories decrease RF energy exposure in the human head.
Astrain I, Bernaus J, Claverol J, Escobar A, Godoy P. · 2003
The study used direct observation of 1536 cars at six traffic-light intersections in Lleida, excluding cyclists, motorcyclists, and driving school cars. Mobile phone use was detected in 50 drivers, giving a prevalence of 3.3% (95% CI 2.4-4.3). Higher odds of phone use were found for men (OR 2.2), drivers aged 18-40 (OR 1.5) and over 60 (OR 2.2), unaccompanied drivers (OR 3.0), at urban intersections (OR 2.7), on workdays (OR 2.0), and during rush hour (OR 1.4).
Arai N, Enomoto H, Okabe S, Yuasa K, Kamimura Y, Ugawa Y. · 2003
Researchers studied auditory brainstem response, ABR recovery function, and middle latency response before and after 30 minutes of mobile phone use in 15 normal-hearing volunteers. None of the three measures were affected by the exposure. The researchers concluded that 30 minutes of mobile phone use has no short-term adverse effects on the human auditory system.
Anderson V. · 2003
The study aimed to examine the scale and significance of differences in peak specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in the brains of children and adults exposed to radiofrequency emissions from mobile phones. Model analyses using a three-layered spherical head exposed to a dipole at 900 MHz showed that peak brain 10 g averaged SAR in 4, 8, 12, and 16 year olds increased by factors of 1.31, 1.23, 1.15, and 1.07 compared to an average adult. The researchers concluded that the relatively small scale of these increases does not warrant special precautionary measures for child mobile phone users.
Yamaguchi H et al. · 2003
Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to pulsed 1439 MHz TDMA fields at a brain SAR of 7.5 W/kg for 1 hour daily over 4 days or 4 weeks. Other rats were exposed at a brain SAR of 25 W/kg for 45 minutes daily for 4 days. Rats exposed at 25 W/kg for 4 days showed statistically significant decreases in correct choices in a T-maze reversal task, while rats exposed at 7.5 W/kg for 4 days or 4 weeks showed no performance impairments. Intraperitoneal temperature increased only at the 25 W/kg exposure level. The authors concluded that TDMA fields at levels about four times higher than cell phone emissions do not affect learning and memory when no thermal effects occur.
Weisbrot D, Lin H, Ye L, Blank M, Goodman R. · 2003
Researchers exposed fruit flies to a discontinuous RF signal from a GSM multiband phone at 900/1,900 MHz with SAR approximately 1.4 W/kg for 10 days from egg laying through pupation. The non-thermal radiation increased offspring numbers, elevated hsp70 levels, increased SRE DNA-binding, and induced ELK-1 phosphorylation.
Nakamura H et al. · 2003
Researchers compared microwave exposure to water immersion at matched temperature rises in thirty-six pregnant rats assigned to six groups with 90-minute exposures. No significant differences in uteroplacental circulation or placental endocrine and immune functions were found between rats exposed to 0.6 mW/cm2 microwaves and those immersed at 38 °C. At 3 mW/cm2, microwaves caused significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol compared with rats immersed at 40 °C.
Liljestrand B, Sandström M, Hansson Mild K. · 2003
The study aimed to investigate RF exposure during use of electrosurgical units. Researchers measured electric fields near the lead wires of two electrosurgical units, a BARD 3000 at 0.5 MHz and an ERBE ICC 350 at 0.3–1 MHz, at distances of 5–30 cm during cutting and coagulating at 10–100 W. The calculated local exposure of the surgeon's hand was estimated to exceed 15 kV/m for the electric field and 16 µT for the magnetic field, exceeding the suggested international reference levels at 0.5 MHz of 610 V/m and 4 µT.
Huber R et al. · 2003
Gapeev AB et al. · 2003
Researchers exposed NMRI mice to extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation at 42.0 GHz and 0.15 mW/cm2 for 20 minutes and examined chromatin structure in immune cells using a comet assay technique. Three hours after exposure, fluorescence intensity increased by 16% in thymocytes and decreased by 16% in splenocytes, while peripheral blood leukocytes showed no change. In vitro exposure reduced fluorescence intensity by 23% in Raji human lymphoid line cells and by 18% in peripheral blood leukocytes.
Desta AB, Owen RD, Cress LW. · 2003
Researchers exposed L929 murine fibroblast cells to radiofrequency radiation from a time division multiple access wireless phone operating at 835 MHz to determine the effect on ornithine decarboxylase activity. Exposure lasted 8 hours at average specific absorption rates ranging from less than 1 W/kg up to 15 W/kg, after which cells were harvested and ODC activity was measured. No statistically significant difference in ODC activity was found between exposed and sham-exposed cells at non-thermal specific absorption rates. At SARs that caused measurable heating, a dose-dependent decrease in enzymatic activity was observed and was consistent with a comparable decrease caused by non-RF-radiation heating.
de Pomerai DI et al. · 2003
Researchers investigated whether microwave radiation could alter protein conformation without bulk heating. Microwave radiation enhanced the aggregation of bovine serum albumin in vitro in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. Microwave radiation also promoted amyloid fibril formation by bovine insulin at 60 degrees C. These changes in protein conformation were not accompanied by measurable temperature changes, consistent with estimates of specific absorbed radiation of 15-20 mW kg(-1).
Dabrowski MP et al. · 2003
Researchers exposed cultured human blood mononuclear cells isolated from 16 healthy donors to 1300 MHz pulse-modulated microwaves at a power density of 10 W/m2 and a SAR of 0.18 W/kg. Lymphocyte proliferative responses and IL-2 receptor saturation did not change, though lymphocyte production of IL-10 increased (P < .001). Monocyte production of IL-1β increased significantly (P < .01), the concentration of its antagonist IL-1ra dropped by half (P < .01), and TNF-α remained unchanged. The researchers concluded that pulse-modulated microwaves represent the potential of immunotropic influence, stimulating preferentially the immunogenic and proinflammatory activity of monocytes at relatively low levels of exposure.
Anane R et al. · 2003
Researchers tested whether whole-body exposure to GSM-900 microwaves affected tumor promotion and progression in female Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Results were negative for tumor latency, multiplicity, and volume, though in the first experiment tumor incidence was higher at 1.4 W/kg but less so at 2.2 W/kg and not at all at 3.5 W/kg. Overall the results were considered rather inconsistent and did not bring new evidence of a co-promoting effect of GSM-900 exposure.
Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO · 2003
Researchers studied the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposure on the lipid peroxidation status of 120 Wistar rats at a power density of 6 mWcm(-2). Lipid peroxidation status in the rats was monitored for 8 weeks after irradiation using the thiobarbituric acid method. Microwave exposure raised the lipid peroxidation status from a mean control value of 4.18 x 10(-6)g 1(-1) to a maximum of 6.50 x 10(-6) g 1(-1) within the first 24 hours, after which it gradually returned toward the control value. The results demonstrated that microwave exposures cause a significant increase in lipid peroxidation status and that ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol had protective effects.
Wilén J, Sandström M, Hansson Mild K · 2003
Researchers selected 2,402 people from an epidemiological study who used any of the four most common GSM MP. The study combined data on symptom prevalence, calling time per day, and number of calls per day with measurements of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The results indicated that SAR values above 0.5 W/kg may be an important factor for the prevalence of some symptoms, especially in combination with long calling times per day.
