Larsen AI, Olsen J, Svane O · 1991
Case groups were spontaneous abortions, low birth-weight prematurity, and stillbirth or death within one year, and exposure was assessed by telephone interviews. Highly exposed mothers had only 23.5% male births, a statistically significantly altered gender ratio showing a dose-response pattern. High-frequency electromagnetic radiation was associated with low birthweight, but only for male newborns.
Khramov RN, Sosunov EA, Koltun SV, Ilyasova EN, Lednev VV · 1991
Researchers studied the effects of super high frequency microwaves (34-78 GHz) on spontaneous firing rates of slowly adapting stretch-receptor neurons in crayfish. Irradiation at power densities up to 250 mW/cm2 caused a transient decrease in firing rate, and after the field was turned off the rate increased and stabilized at pre-exposure levels. Firing rates also increased when the receptor muscle was stretched and were inversely correlated with small temperature increases of about 1.5°C. The response did not depend on frequency when temperature was held constant, and no resonant peaks were found across the millimeter-wave range.
Garson OM, McRobert TL, Campbell LJ, Hocking BA, Gordon I. · 1991
Researchers studied chromosome damage in 38 radio-linemen exposed to radio-frequency radiation and 38 matched controls. They analyzed Two hundred metaphases per person, scored blind, and found the rate of aberrant cells was the same in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the types of chromosome aberrations.
Ciaravino V, Meltz ML, Erwin DN · 1991
Researchers exposed Chinese hamster ovary cells to adriamycin and pulsed RFR at 2,450 MHz and 33.8 W/Kg for 2 h. The maximal temperature in the tissue-culture medium was 39.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C. The experiments were controlled for chemical and RFR exposures as well as for temperature. Verified statistically, the data indicate that the RFR did not affect changes in cell progression caused by adriamycin and did not change the number of sister chromatid exchanges induced by adriamycin.
Saalman E et al. · 1991
Researchers studied how 2.45 GHz microwave radiation affects the permeability of unilamellar liposomes containing a fluorescent marker. After 10 minutes of exposure, microwave-treated liposomes showed significantly greater marker release than those heated conventionally. The experiments were conducted above the lipid membrane's phase transition temperature, unlike earlier studies.
Nelson BK et al. · 1991
The exploratory study aimed to determine whether concurrent exposure to RF radiation and 2-methoxyethanol enhances developmental toxicity in rats. In the primary study, pregnant rats were exposed to RF radiation sufficient to raise rectal temperature to 42.0°C for 30 minutes and given 150 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol by gavage, and the combination raised mean fetal malformations per litter to 76% from 14% with 2ME alone and 30% with RF alone. The severity of malformations also increased with the combination, scoring 6 on a relative severity scale compared with less than 1 for 2ME alone and 3 for RF alone.
Budinscak V, Goldoni J, Saric M · 1991
Researchers measured hematological parameters in 43 radar operators employed in air traffic control who were occupationally exposed to microwave radiation of low intensity over four years. Exposed workers showed decreased erythrocytes, reticulocytes, platelets, segmented granulocytes and monocytes, and increased leucocytes and lymphocytes. The changes were not pathologically significant and most of them were reversible.
Spiers DE, Baummer SC · 1991
Researchers exposed Japanese quail eggs to 2,450 MHz microwaves at 5 or 20 mW/cm² for 8 hours daily from day 1 to 15 of incubation. At 30 °C ambient temperature, microwave exposure increased wet-embryo mass on day 16 by 9% at 5 mW/cm² and 61% at 20 mW/cm² compared to predicted masses without microwaves. Post-treatment tests showed no reliable indication that repeated microwave exposure resulted in abnormal physiological development. The authors concluded that microwave radiation can increase egg temperature and embryonic growth rate at below-normal incubation temperatures without altering basic metabolic and thermal characteristics.
Somosy Z, Thuroczy G, Kubasova T, Kovacs J, Szabo LD · 1991
Researchers exposed mouse embryo 3T3 cells to 2450 MHz continuous and 16 Hz square-modulated microwaves at absorbed energies from 0.0024 to 2.4 mW/g. Modulated waves caused more morphological changes than continuous waves at the same intensity. Cell surface negative charge decreased after modulated-wave exposure but was unchanged after continuous-wave exposure at the same dose. Modulated waves at 0.024 mW/g increased cell ruffling and caused cytoplasmic ultrastructural alterations, while continuous waves required higher doses of 0.24 and 2.4 mW/g for similar effects.
Lange DG, Sedmak J · 1991
Microwave exposure produced a dose-dependent increase in JEV-induced lethality. Hypercarbia at 5, 10, and 20% CO2 also produced a dose-dependent increase in JEV-induced lethality.
Lai H, Carino MA, Wen YF, Horita A, Guy AW · 1991
Rats were repeatedly exposed to pulsed, circularly polarized microwaves at 2,450 MHz with 2-microsecond pulses at 500 pps, a power density of 1 mW/cm², and a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg. Ten 45-minute sessions increased muscarinic cholinergic receptor concentration in the hippocampus, while ten 20-minute sessions decreased concentration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Pretreatment with naltrexone at 1 mg/kg IP before each exposure session blocked these microwave-induced changes in cholinergic receptors.
Krause D, Mullins JM, Penafiel LM, Meister R, Nardone RM, · 1991
Researchers studied the effects of 2.45-GHz continuous-wave microwaves on interferon-regulated enzymes in murine L929 cells. Radioactive 2-5A binding to RNase L was 14.5% above control in sham-exposed samples and 36.4% above control in microwave-exposed samples. RNase L specific activity rose along with the increased 2-5A binding, but 2-5A synthetase specific activity showed no change. No detectable differences were noted in cell viability, plating efficiency, or proliferation rate after exposure.
Koveshnikov IV, Antipenko EN · 1991
Koveshnikova IV, Antipenko EN · 1991
Researchers studied whether thyroid hormones play a role in modifying the mutagenic effect of microwaves in rats. The mutagenic effect of microwaves at 2,450 or 2,750 MHz, 500 microW/cm2, for 30 days at 7 hours a day increased when rats had either low or high thyroid hormone levels. The researchers concluded that normal thyroid gland functioning appears to be an important condition for maintaining chromosome integrity under microwave exposure.
Veyret B et al. · 1991
Researchers exposed Balb/C mice to pulsed microwaves at 9.4 GHz, both with and without amplitude modulation at frequencies between 14 and 41 MHz, to assess effects on the immune system. Exposure took place for five consecutive days at 10 hours per day, at a whole-body-averaged SAR of approximately 0.015 W/kg. When the pulsed field was combined with amplitude modulation, immune responses were significantly augmented or weakened depending on the AM frequency used, while the pulsed field alone did not greatly alter immune responsiveness.
Nageswari KS et al. · 1991
Researchers exposed fourteen male Belgian white rabbits to microwave radiation at 5 mW/cm2, 2.1 GHz, three hours daily, six days a week for three months, while seven rabbits received sham exposure for the same duration. Significant suppression of T lymphocyte numbers was found in the microwave group at two months and during follow-up. Despite lower T lymphocyte counts in the blood, no significant variation was observed in tissue T lymphocyte counts, and a functional immune response test showed no impairment.
Brown HD, Chattopadhyay SK · 1991
Researchers studied how 9.14 GHz continuous-wave microwave radiation affected ouabain inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase from dog kidney. Exposure for 5 minutes to 9.14 GHz radiation at an estimated SAR of 20 W/kg was applied at several stabilized temperatures between 7.0 and 43.8 °C. The efficacy of ouabain as an inhibitor of ATPase activity was severely diminished by the microwave field, and at 24.9 °C a 23% decrease in activity occurred.
Balcer-Kubiczek EK, Harrison GH. · 1991
Researchers exposed actively growing cultures of C3H/10T1/2 cells for 24 hours to 2.45-GHz microwaves pulse-modulated at 120 Hz. The electromagnetic fields alone had no effect on cell survival or induction of neoplastic transformation. When combined with the tumor promoter TPA, the enhancement of transformation was highly significant and ranged up to a level equivalent to that produced by 1.5 Gy of X rays. The frequency of neoplastic transformation was dependent on the level of electromagnetic exposure and was additive with doses of X rays given as a cocarcinogen.
Akyel Y, Hunt EL, Gambrill C, Vargas C Jr, · 1991
Researchers studied the behavioral effects of high-peak-power microwave pulses on Wistar rats trained to press a lever for food pellets. Each animal was exposed for 10 min to 1.25-GHz microwave radiation at 1-MW peak-power, with total doses set to 0.50, 1.5, 4.5, and 14 kJ/kg. At the highest dose, rats showed an average colonic temperature rise of 2.5 °C and failed to respond for about 13 minutes after exposure. No behavioral effects were found at the lower dose levels, and researchers concluded the effects were thermal in nature.
Garaj-Vrhovac V, Horvat D, Koren Z · 1991
T.T. · 1990
Researchers reviewed biological effects of static magnetic fields and found no specific target organ for deleterious effects at present. A documented effect is the induction of electrical potentials in major arteries during exposure, with 60 mT producing a 1 mV potential in the human aorta. Pacemaker reed switches can close at 1.7 mT, so wearers should be excluded from fields exceeding 1.0 mT.
Unknown authors · 1990
They calculated magnetic-field strengths at birth addresses using line-network maps and load records. The results showed no association between childhood malignancies and either proximity to or magnetic fields from overhead lines. Statistical power was limited because few children lived close to overhead power lines.
Schwartz JL, House DE, Mealing GA · 1990
Meltz ML, Eagan P, Erwin DN · 1990
Researchers studied forward mutation at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse leukemic cells exposed to 2.45-GHz pulsed-wave RFR and proflavin. Exposures used 500 or 600 W net forward power, giving a SAR of approximately 40 W/kg, for 4 hours with temperature controls. No statistically significant increase in mutant frequency was found with combined RFR and proflavin versus proflavin alone, no change in colony-size distribution occurred, and RFR alone showed no mutagenic action.
Kerbacher JJ, Meltz ML, Erwin DN, · 1990
