Briggs D, Beale L, Bennett J, Toledano MB, de Hoogh K. · 2012
Researchers developed and field-validated a GIS-based exposure model called Geomorf to estimate radio-frequency power density around mobile phone masts. The model uses a modified Gaussian formulation based on power output, antenna height, tilt, and the surrounding propagation environment, with a visibility function for topographic obstruction. Calibration used field data from 151 rural measurement sites with 1510 antenna-specific measurements and 50 urban sites with 658 antenna-specific measurements. Different parameter settings were needed for urban and rural areas to achieve optimum results.
Bortkiewicz A, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W, Zmyślony M. · 2012
Heart rate was higher in exposed groups than in controls. Both exposed groups showed significantly higher VLF and LF values than controls and exhibited sympathetic dominance with LF/HF ratio of 1.3 ± 0.35. The authors concluded that radiofrequency EMF exposure may affect neurovegetative regulation.
Baste V, Moen BE, Oftedal G, Strand LA, Bjørge L, Mild KH. · 2012
The study was a cohort study of Royal Norwegian Navy servicemen linked to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, including singleton offspring born between 1967 and 2008 (n = 37,920). Exposure during the last 3 months before conception (acute) and exposure more than 3 months before conception (nonacute) were analyzed. Perinatal mortality and preeclampsia increased after service aboard fast patrol boats during an acute period and also after increased estimated radiofrequency exposure during an acute period, compared with service aboard other vessels. No associations were found between nonacute exposure and any of the reproductive outcomes.
Alhusseiny A, Al-Nimer M, Majeed A. · 2012
Researchers studied 356 participants (129 males, 227 females) grouped into healthy subjects, patients with ischemic heart disease, and patients with other cardiac diseases. ECGs were recorded with the phone off and then on for 40 seconds of ringing at belt level and over the precordium. These changes were not observed in female patients with ischemic heart disease.
Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2012
Seventy-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to mobile phone radiofrequency radiation for two hours per day for 45 days and compared with a sham-exposed group. RF-exposed animals had a significant decrease in testosterone and an increase in caspase-3 activity. Distortions in sperm head and mid piece of sperm mitochondrial sheath were observed via transmission electron microscopy. Progeny from RF-exposed rats showed significant decreases in number and weight compared to sham-exposed animals.
Zeni O et al. · 2012
When lymphocytes from six donors were pre-exposed to RF at 0.3W/kg SAR and then treated with MMC, these cells showed a significant reduction in the frequency of MN compared with cells treated with MMC alone, indicating adaptive response. An earlier study found that lymphocytes stimulated for 24h, exposed for 20h to a 900MHz RF GSM signal at 1.25W/kg SAR and then treated with 100ng/ml MMC also exhibited adaptive response. In the current study, cells from nine healthy human volunteers were stimulated for 24h with phytohaemagglutinin, exposed for 20h to a 1950MHz RF UMTS signal at SARs of 1.25, 0.6, 0.3, and 0.15W/kg, then treated at 48h with 100ng/ml mitomycin C, and micronuclei frequency was recorded at 72h using the cytokinesis-block method.
Sun W, Shen X, Lu D, Fu Y, Lu D, Chiang H · 2012
Researchers investigated the effects of 1.8-GHz RFR at different intensities on EGF receptor clustering and phosphorylation in human amniotic (FL) cells. Receptor clustering was analyzed by immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy, and phosphorylation was measured by western blot. Exposure at SAR 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 W/kg significantly induced clustering and phosphorylation, while SAR 0.1 W/kg had no significant effect. The authors concluded that membrane receptors may be a primary target of RFR, with a dose-rate threshold between 0.1 and 0.5 W/kg and a sigmoid dependence on intensity.
Qin F et al. · 2012
Lahham A, Hammash A. · 2012
Researchers measured radiofrequency power density at 65 locations across the West Bank. The average power density from FM radio was 0.148 μW cm(-2), from TV broadcasting 0.007 μW cm(-2), and from mobile phone base stations 0.089 μW cm(-2). The average total exposure from all sources was 0.37 μW cm(-2). The maximum total exposure at any location was 3.86 μW cm(-2), with an exposure quotient of 0.02, indicating compliance with international guidelines. FM radio contributed about 62% of total exposure, mobile phone base stations 35%, and TV broadcasting 3%.
Joseph W, Goeminne F, Vermeeren G, Verloock L, Martens L. · 2012
Researchers assessed electromagnetic exposure from 14 types of air traffic control systems for both workers and the general public. In total, 50 sites were investigated at 1,073 locations in the frequency range of 255 kHz to 24 GHz. Two system types, Non-Directional Beacons (up to 881.6 V m) and DVOR (up to 92.3 V m), exhibited levels requiring recommended minimum distances so that ICNIRP reference levels are not exceeded. When multiple radiofrequency sources were present together, the air traffic control source was found to dominate total exposure in its neighborhood.
Joseph W, Verloock L, Goeminne F, Vermeeren G, Martens L. · 2012
Researchers measured radio frequency (RF) exposure at 311 locations across Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden, covering six types of environments including rural, residential, urban, suburban, office, and industrial. Exposure ratios for total field values ranged from 3.1% in rural environments to 9.4% in residential environments, relative to ICNIRP reference levels. Median exposures were highest in urban environments at 0.74 V m(-1) and lowest in rural environments at 0.09 V m(-1). GSM contributed more than 60% of the total electric field on average, while the emerging technologies LTE and WiMAX each contributed on average less than 1%.
Joseph W, Verloock L, Goeminne F, Vermeeren G, Martens L. · 2012
Researchers measured radiofrequency exposure from various sources in Reading, United Kingdom, and developed a method to estimate worst-case LTE exposure. All measured electric field levels satisfied ICNIRP reference levels, with a maximum total electric field value of 4.5 V/m. LTE exposure averaged 0.2 V/m and reached a maximum of 0.5 V/m, contributing on average only 0.4% of total exposure. The worst-case extrapolated LTE field value was 1.9 V/m, which is 32 times below the ICNIRP reference levels.
Joseph W et al. · 2012
Researchers measured personal radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in Belgium, Switzerland, Slovenia, Hungary, and the Netherlands across microenvironments such as homes, public transport, and outdoors. From those field measurements, whole-body absorption values were calculated for a 1-year-old child model and an adult male model and compared for the five countries. The maximum mean whole-body absorption was 3.4 µW/kg for the child and 1.8 µW/kg for the adult, both well below the ICNIRP basic restriction of 0.08 W/kg for the general public.
Jin Z, Zong C, Jiang B, Zhou Z, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2012
Researchers pre-exposed human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 12 µW/cm2 power density for 1 hour/day for 3 days, then treated them with doxorubicin at 0.125 mg/L. Radiofrequency exposure alone showed no significant differences from unexposed or sham-exposed control cells. Compared with doxorubicin treatment alone, cells that received radiofrequency pre-exposure before doxorubicin showed increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased intracellular calcium, and increased Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity.
Hekmat A, Saboury AA, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. · 2012
Researchers exposed calf thymus DNA to mobile phone radiofrequency fields at 940 MHz, 15 V/m, and a SAR of 40 mW/kg, then examined the DNA immediately after exposure and again two hours after a 45-minute exposure using several laboratory instruments. UV-vis and circular dichroism experiments showed that the EMFs caused disturbance in the DNA structure. Exposed DNA samples were relatively thermally unstable compared to unexposed DNA, and showed more fluorescence emission, which the researchers suggested may have occurred due to expansion of the exposed DNA structure. The structure of the DNA immediately after exposure was not significantly different from the DNA sample two hours after the 45-minute exposure, suggesting the changes were irreversible.
Dhami AK. · 2012
Researchers measured microwave and RF radiation power densities near schools and hospitals in Chandigarh city in India. The highest measured power density was 11.48 mW/m(2) which is 1,148% of the biological limit. The measured values were compared with international exposure limits set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
Chen Q et al. · 2012
Researchers studied electrocardiogram (ECG) outcomes in 225 female workers exposed to 27.2 MHz radiofrequency radiation at a shoe factory, comparing them with 100 unexposed female workers from the same factory. The electric field strength the workers were exposed to averaged 64.0 ± 25.2 V/m, which exceeded the 61 V/m International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference level for occupational exposure. A statistical difference between the exposed and control groups was observed in the rate of sinus bradycardia, but after known cardiovascular risk factors were considered, exposure duration was not found to be an effective factor for ECG changes.
Breckenkamp J et al. · 2012
Researchers measured RF-EMF exposure in the bedrooms of 1,348 households in Germany using Antennessa(®) EME Spy 120 dosimeters, with 280 measures available for each frequency band per household. Exposure levels were very low and far below the ICNIRP's exposure reference levels. Cordless phones (DECT standard) and wireless LAN/Bluetooth were the major sources, contributing about 82% of total exposure.
Bolte JF, Eikelboom T. · 2012
Jiang B, Nie J, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Tong J, Cao Y. · 2012
Researchers pre-exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 120 µW/cm2 for 4 hours per day for 1, 3, 5, 7, or 14 days, then subjected them to an acute dose of 3 Gy of gamma-radiation. DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes was measured using the alkaline comet assay, which detects alkali labile base damage and single strand breaks. Mice pre-exposed to radiofrequency fields for just 1 day showed damage similar to those exposed to gamma-radiation alone, but pre-exposure for 3 or more days led to progressively decreased damage.
Lu YS, Huang BT, Huang YX. · 2012
Researchers studied reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at a specific absorption rate of ~0.4 W/kg. ROS was found to play an important role in apoptosis when exposure lasted longer than two hours, with apoptosis induced through the mitochondrial pathway and mediated by activating ROS and caspase-3, and decreasing the mitochondrial potential. The imbalance between antioxidant defenses and ROS formation was associated with about 37% human PBMC death in eight hours.
Güler G et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed infant rabbits to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF radiation and measured lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in their livers. Lipid peroxidation levels in liver tissue increased in both female and male infant rabbits under RF radiation exposure. Liver 8-OHdG levels, a marker of DNA damage, increased in exposed female rabbits but showed no change in exposed male rabbits. The researchers concluded that GSM-like RF radiation may induce biochemical changes by increasing free radical attacks to structural biomolecules in the rabbit model.
Avci B, Akar A, Bilgici B, Tunçel ÖK · 2012
Researchers divided 66 albino Wistar rats into three groups to study oxidative damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and whether garlic extract could protect against it. After radiofrequency exposure, advanced oxidation protein product levels in brain tissue increased compared with the control group. Garlic administration alongside radiofrequency exposure significantly reduced those protein oxidation levels in brain tissue. No significant differences were found among the groups for malondialdehyde levels in brain tissue and blood, or for serum paraoxonase levels.
Pilla AA · 2012
Researchers tested how a non-thermal pulse-modulated RF signal affected nitric oxide release in dopaminergic MN9D neuronal cells challenged with lipopolysaccharides and in human fibroblast cultures challenged with low serum. In dopaminergic MN9D cultures, the signal produced an immediate nearly three-fold increase in nitric oxide, measured in real-time using a nitric oxide selective membrane electrode. In human fibroblast cultures challenged with low serum and exposed for 15 minutes to the same signal, nitric oxide increased nearly two-fold, and this increase could be blocked by the calmodulin antagonist W-7.
Schmid MR et al. · 2012
Twenty-five young healthy men took part in a randomized double-blind crossover design, exposed at weekly intervals to different conditions for 30 minutes before sleep. The conditions were a 2-Hz pulse-modulated radio frequency field, a 2-Hz pulsed magnetic field, and sham. Radio frequency exposure increased electroencephalogram power in the spindle frequency range. Delta and theta activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep, and alpha and delta activity during rapid eye movement sleep, were affected following both exposure conditions. No effect on sleep architecture and no clear impact of exposure on cognition was observed.
