Hirata A et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed rabbits to 2.45-GHz microwaves across a range of power densities to study the threshold for behavioral signs of thermal stress. The study found that a core temperature elevation of 1 degrees C was an estimate of the threshold for inducing behavioral signs of microwave-induced thermal stress in rabbits. The whole-body average SAR needed to produce behavioral signs was estimated at approximately 1.3 W/kg.
Grigoriev YG et al. · 2010
Researchers replicated earlier Soviet studies from 1974 to 1991 that had examined immunological and reproductive effects of long-term low-level radiofrequency exposure in rats. Wistar rats were exposed in the far field to 2450 MHz continuous wave RF fields at an incident power density of 5 W/m² for 7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 30 days, resulting in a whole-body SAR of 0.16 W/kg. The results partly confirmed the earlier findings and indicated possible effects from non-thermal RF exposure on autoimmune processes. A separate part of the study suggested possible adverse effects of blood serum from exposed rats on pregnancy and foetal development of intact rats, though the researchers noted that applying these results to exposure standards is limited.
Gerner C et al. · 2010
Researchers used proteome analysis to study whether low-intensity radio-frequency electromagnetic field exposure could affect protein synthesis in cultured human cells. Four different cell types were exposed to 2 W/kg specific absorption rate, and autoradiography of 2D gel spots was used to measure changes in synthesis of individual proteins. An 8-hour exposure caused a significant increase in protein synthesis in Jurkat T-cells and human fibroblasts, and to a lesser extent in activated primary human mononuclear cells, while short-term exposure did not significantly alter the proteome. Quiescent, metabolically inactive mononuclear cells did not detectably respond to the exposure.
Frei P et al. · 2010
Researchers collected personal exposimeter measurements during one week and diary data from 166 study participants to evaluate different methods of assessing radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure. The mean personal exposure was 0.13 mW/m(2) when measurements during personal phone calls were excluded and 0.15 mW/m(2) when such measurements were included. Self-estimated exposure and geo-coded distance turned out to be poor surrogates for personal exposure.
Findlay RP, Dimbylow PJ. · 2010
Researchers calculated specific energy absorption rate (SAR) values in a 10-year-old sitting voxel model from exposure to electromagnetic fields at 2.4 and 5 GHz, frequencies commonly used by Wi-Fi devices. Both plane-wave exposure and irradiation from antennas in the near field were investigated for a variety of exposure conditions. In all situations studied, the calculated SAR values were considerably below basic restrictions.
Eşmekaya MA, Seyhan N, Omeroğlu S. · 2010
Researchers exposed two-month-old male Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulse-modulated RF radiation at a SAR of 1.35 Watt/kg for 20 min/day for three weeks. The study examined thyroid gland tissue using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical methods. Morphological analyses revealed hypothyrophy of the gland, and the results indicated that thyroid hormone secretion was inhibited by the RF radiation. Apoptotic bodies were observed, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities were increased in thyroid cells of exposed rats.
Danker-Hopfe H, Dorn H, Bahr A, Anderer P, Sauter C. · 2010
Bartsch H et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed unrestrained female Sprague-Dawley rats to a low-intensity GSM-like signal (900 MHz pulsed with 217 Hz, 100 µW/cm² average power flux density) across four experiments conducted from 1997 to 2008. In the life-long experiments, median survival was significantly shortened under RF-exposure by 9.06% (95% CI 2.7 to 15.0%) (p=0.0064), amounting to 72 days in experiment III and 77 days in experiment IV.
Balmori A. · 2010
Researchers exposed eggs and tadpoles of the common frog (Rana temporaria) to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone antennae located 140 meters away for two months, from the egg phase until an advanced tadpole phase. The exposed group of 70 tadpoles showed low coordination of movements, asynchronous growth, and 90% mortality. A control group of 70 tadpoles kept under the same conditions inside a Faraday cage showed normal movement coordination, synchronous development, and only 4.2% mortality. The researchers concluded that radiation from phone masts in a real situation may affect development and may cause an increase in mortality of exposed tadpoles.
Augner C et al. · 2010
Researchers tested whether RF-EMF emitted by mobile phone base stations may affect salivary alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A, and cortisol levels. Fifty-seven participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental scenarios, and each participant went through five 50-minute exposure sessions. When exposure shifted from low to high in scenario 3, an increase of cortisol was detected, and IgA concentration was not significantly related to the exposure. The researchers suggested that RF-EMF in considerably lower field densities than ICNIRP guidelines may influence certain psychobiological stress markers.
Zhijian C et al. · 2010
Researchers used a comet assay to study whether 1.8-GHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR, SAR of 2 W/kg) could influence DNA repair in human B-cell lymphoblastoid cells exposed to doxorubicin (DOX). RFR alone did not directly induce DNA damage in the cells. A specific combined-exposure pattern could obviously influence DNA repair at 6 h and 12 h after exposure to DOX for four DOX doses.
Volkow ND et al. · 2010
Researchers measured brain glucose metabolism in fifteen healthy subjects inside a 4 T magnet, comparing conditions with and without echo-planar imaging (EPI) gradient pulses. Relative metabolism was lower in areas at the poles of the brain when the EPI pulses were on compared to when they were off. The size of the metabolic decreases was significantly correlated with the estimated strength of the electric field (r = 0.68, p < 0.0001), such that a stronger field was associated with larger decreases. No differences were detected between the ON and OFF conditions for mood ratings or for absolute whole-brain metabolism.
Sharma VP, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. · 2010
Researchers investigated the impact of cell phone EMF radiation at a power density of 8.55 microW cm(-2) on germination, early growth, proteins, carbohydrate contents, and enzyme activities in Vigna radiata (mung bean). Seedling length and dry weight were significantly reduced after exposures of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours, and protein and carbohydrate contents also fell in exposed plants. At the same time, the activities of proteases, alpha-amylases, beta-amylases, polyphenol oxidases, and peroxidases were enhanced in exposed radicles, which the researchers suggested indicated a protective response to EMF-induced stress.
Ozgur E, Güler G, Seyhan N. · 2010
Researchers exposed guinea pigs to an 1800-MHz GSM-modulated signal at a whole body SAR of 0.38 W/kg for 10 or 20 minutes per day for seven days to study oxidative damage in the liver. After exposure, significant increases in malondialdehyde and total nitric oxide levels were observed, along with decreases in several antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver. The extent of oxidative damage was found to be proportional to the duration of exposure, and both NAC and EGCG were found to protect liver tissue against this damage.
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. · 2010
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to mobile phone frequencies at 0.9 W/kg specific absorption rate for 2 hours per day over 35 days. A significant decrease in protein kinase C and total sperm count, along with increased apoptosis, were observed in the exposed rats. The results suggest that a reduction in protein kinase activity may be related to overproduction of reactive oxygen species under microwave field exposure.
Kesari KK, Behari J. · 2010
Sperm GPx and SOD activity showed a significant decrease in exposed rats, while catalase showed a significant increase compared with the control group. The percentage of apoptosis was higher in the exposed group, and significant decreases were found in the S phase and G2/M transition phase of the cell cycle. The researchers concluded that these radiations may have a significant effect on the reproductive system of male rats, which may be an indication of male infertility.
Grigor'ev IuG et al. · 2010
Achudume A, Onibere B, Aina F, Tchokossa P · 2010
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to radio frequency radiation at 1800 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 0.95 to 3.9 W/kg for 40 or 60 days continuously. At 40 days, electromagnetic radiation failed to induce any significant alterations. At 60 days of exposure, various attributes evaluated decreased, including decreases in NADPH and ascorbate-linked lipid peroxidation along with diminution in enzymatic antioxidative defense systems and decreased glucose residue.
Tayefi H et al. · 2010
Potenza L et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to a 300 mT static magnetic field for 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours. After 4 hours of exposure, the static field induced damage at the nuclear and mitochondrial levels, reduced mitochondrial content, and increased reactive oxygen species. Twenty-four hours of exposure increased mitochondrial DNA content as well as expression of a gene related to mitochondrial biogenesis. No significant differences between exposed and sham cultures were found after 48 and 72 hours, and cell viability did not show a statistically significant change overall.
Morabito C et al. · 2010
Researchers used C2C12 cells as an in vitro model of the skeletal muscle phenotype to study the effects of short-term exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on muscle cell differentiation and function. ELF-EMFs induced reactive oxygen species production in myoblasts and myotubes with a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. The cellular detoxification system was activated, with increases in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. ELF-EMFs also altered intracellular calcium homeostasis, increasing the spontaneous activity of myotubes and enhancing cellular reactivity to a depolarizing agent or an agonist of intracellular store calcium channels.
Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Fanò G, Mariggiò MA · 2010
Researchers studied how extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) of different intensities and durations affected PC12 cells, a cell line used as a neuronal model, during neuronal differentiation. Long-lasting ELF-EMF exposure did not appear to significantly affect proliferation or neuritogenesis. During acute exposure lasting 30 minutes, ROS levels were increased and catalase activity was decreased in undifferentiated PC12 cells, while chronic exposure at 1.0 mT increased catalase activity. Acute exposure affected spontaneous intracellular calcium variations, and basal intracellular calcium was increased after chronic exposure.
Martínez-Sámano J et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (60 Hz, 2.4 mT) for two hours to evaluate early effects on antioxidant systems in plasma, liver, kidney, and heart. SOD activity was lower in the plasma of restrained and EMF-exposed animals compared to unrestrained rats. There were no significant differences in CAT activity and TBARS levels among the experimental groups versus the control group. The researchers noted that oxidative stress induced by movement restraint was stronger than that produced by EMF.
Mannerling AC, Simkó M, Mild KH, Mattsson MO · 2010
Researchers exposed human K562 leukemia cells to a 50-Hz sine-wave magnetic field for 1 hour at flux densities ranging from 0.025 to 0.10 mT, measuring proliferation, cell cycle distribution, superoxide radical anion levels, and HSP70 protein levels. Both vertical and horizontal exposures caused significantly and transiently increased HSP70 levels of more than twofold at several flux densities, compared to sham controls and also compared to a heat-treatment positive control. Superoxide radical anion levels increased by 30–40%, and adding free radical scavengers melatonin or 1,10-phenantroline inhibited the magnetic-field-induced increase in HSP70. Cell cycle kinetics and proliferation were not affected by exposure at 0.10 mT for 1 hour.
Lee HM et al. · 2010
Researchers cultured human intervertebral disc (IVD) cells in alginate beads and exposed them to an electromagnetic field at 1.8 millitesla magnetic flux density and 60 Hz. Cellular proliferation was observed in the EMF group (p < 0.05), and no cytotoxicity was found. There was no significant change in the expression of aggrecan, type I, and type II collagen mRNA in the EMF group compared to the control group. DNA synthesis was partially mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2.
