Zothansiama, Zosangzuali M, Lalramdinpuii M, Jagetia GC. · 2017
The study compared 40 individuals living within 80 meters of mobile phone base stations with a control group living 300 meters away, matched for age, gender, diet, smoking, alcohol, and mobile phone use. Radiofrequency power density was significantly higher in the exposed group. The exposed group showed a significantly higher frequency of micronuclei. Plasma antioxidants glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly reduced, and lipid peroxidation was increased in the exposed group. Multiple linear regression showed that higher RF power density was associated with lower antioxidant levels, higher micronuclei frequency, and higher lipid peroxidation.
Pandey N, Giri S, Das S, Upadhaya P. · 2017
Swiss albino mice were exposed to 900 MHz RFR for 4 hours and 8 hours per day for 35 days, with one group terminated after exposure and another kept for an additional 35 days post-exposure. RFR exposure caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization and redox imbalance, along with statistically significant increases in DNA damage index and sperm head defects. Flow cytometry showed a 2.5-fold increase in spermatogonia and decreased spermatids, with reduced turnover ratios indicating premeiotic arrest and low sperm count. Histological alterations included sloughing of immature germ cells, epithelium depletion, and maturation arrest, but all changes showed recovery to varied degrees after the post-exposure period.
Oyewopo AO, Olaniyi SK, Oyewopo CI, Jimoh AT. · 2017
Researchers randomly assigned adult male Wistar rats to a control group, a sham exposure group, and groups exposed to cell phone radiation for 1, 2, or 3 hours over a 28-day period. Histomorphometry showed no significant change in germinal epithelial diameter or cross-sectional diameter in any exposure group compared with controls. Group D showed a significantly smaller lumen diameter than Group B, and all exposure groups showed uneven germinal epithelial distribution with epithelial degeneration in Group D. Sera malondialdehyde increased and superoxide dismutase decreased in all exposure groups, while follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone decreased significantly in groups C and D.
Othman H et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 2.45 GHz WiFi signal for two hours daily throughout gestation. Offspring were assessed for physical and neurodevelopment during the first 17 postnatal days, anxiety at 28 days, motor behavior at 40-43 days, and cerebral oxidative stress and cholinesterase activity at 28 and 43 days. Prenatal WiFi exposure impaired early neurodevelopment but did not alter emotional or motor behavior in adulthood. It also increased oxidative stress markers and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities at 28 days but not at 43 days, and affected acetylcholinesterase activity in brain and serum.
Mortazavi SMJ et al. · 2017
Researchers divided 50 rats into five groups and pre-exposed three groups to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 4 hours daily over one week at low, medium, and high power. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the rats were given a 4 Gy sublethal gamma radiation dose and sacrificed after 5 hours. Pre-exposure increased glutathione levels and glutathione reductase activity in liver, with glutathione increases only in the low power group and glutathione reductase activity increases in both low and medium power groups. The elevated antioxidant levels protected liver tissue from oxidative damage induced by the gamma radiation.
Kuzay D, Ozer C, Sirav B, Canseven AG, Seyhan N · 2017
Wistar male rats were divided into 10 groups. Intraperitoneal single dose STZ (65 mg/kg) dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1M (pH 4.5)) was injected to diabetes groups. ELF MFs and RF radiation were used as an electromagnetic exposure for 20 min/day, 5 days/week for one month. ELF and RF radiation resulted in an increase in testicular tissue MDA and NOX levels (p < 0.05), and caused a decrease in GSH levels (p < 0.05) in both healthy and diabetic rats, yet more distinctively in diabetic rats.
Bodera P et al. · 2017
Researchers evaluated the effect of repeated 1800 MHz RFR exposure (5 times for 15 min) on NMDA-NR1 expression in rat brains in a persistent inflammatory state. They also measured the effect of RFR combined with tramadol to determine its potential antioxidant capacity. No differences in NMDA-NR1 expression were observed between baseline and RFR-exposed groups. NMDA-NR1 expression decreased after CFA injection combined with RFR exposure, while elevated expression was observed in healthy control rats exposed to RFR with or without tramadol. ORAC assessment revealed a robust effect of RFR, but other experiments showed equivocal effects.
Gökçek-Saraç Ç et al. · 2017
Rats were exposed to 900 and 2100 MHz RF-EMR for 2 h/day for either 1 week (acute) or 10 weeks (chronic). The study measured hippocampal levels and activity of PKA, CaMKIIα, CREB, and p44/42 MAPK from NMDAR-related signaling pathways using Western blotting and activity assays. Chronic exposure produced significantly higher enzyme levels than acute exposure at both frequencies, and 2100 MHz exposure produced higher levels than 900 MHz in both acute and chronic groups.
Zhang KY et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-1 cells to a 1950 MHz RF field at 3 W/kg SAR for 24 hours with or without 6 Gy X-ray irradiation. RF exposure alone did not change cell proliferation or apoptosis levels. When combined with X-ray, RF exposure significantly decreased proliferation and increased apoptotic rate compared to X-ray alone. The combined exposure also significantly decreased Bcl-2 protein expression and increased Bax protein expression.
Vlasova II et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed whole blood to millimeter-wave radiation at 32.9-39.6 GHz and 100 W/m² for 15 minutes and measured neutrophil oxidant production and morphofunctional changes. Neutrophil response to opsonized zymosan and E. coli was intensified after radiation exposure, while neutrophils remained intact without agonist addition. Similar enhancement occurred with isolated neutrophils in plasma, and heating was identified as the primary mechanism for increased oxidant production.
Sun Y, Zong L, Gao Z, Zhu S, Tong J, Cao Y · 2017
Researchers exposed HL-60 human leukemia cells to continuous 900MHz radiofrequency fields at 120μW/cm² for 4 hours per day over 5 consecutive days. Exposed cells had significantly increased reactive oxygen species and decreased mitochondrial transcription factor A, mtDNA polymerase gamma, mtDNA transcripts, and mtDNA copy number compared to sham-exposed controls. Exposed cells also showed a significant increase in the oxidative damage marker 8-OHdG and a significant decrease in ATP. Pretreating cells with melatonin, a free radical scavenger, reversed the effects seen in RF-exposed cells.
Marjanovic Cermak AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I · 2017
Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 10, 30, and 60 minutes at an electric field strength of 30 V m-1 and a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W kg-1. Cell viability remained within normal physiological values after radiation exposure. Significantly higher ROS levels were observed at every radiation exposure time tested. After 60 minutes of exposure, the radiation caused significant lipid and protein damage. The highest glutathione concentration was detected after 10 minutes of exposure.
Kim JH et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed C57BL/6 mice to 835 MHz RF-EMF at an SAR of 4.0 W/kg for 12 weeks, then analyzed the hippocampus and brain stem. Several autophagic genes were significantly upregulated only in the hippocampus and not in the brain stem. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an increase in the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the hippocampal neurons of exposed mice.
Kim JH, Kim HJ, Yu DH, Kweon HS, Huh YH, Kim HR. · 2017
Researchers studied the effects of RF-EMF exposure on synaptic vesicles in the cortical neurons of mice. C57 BL/6 mice were exposed to 835 MHz RF-EMF at 4.0 W/kg SAR for 5 hours daily. The density of synaptic vesicles was significantly decreased in the presynaptic boutons of cortical neurons after exposure. The expression of synapsins I/II genes and proteins was also significantly decreased in exposed mice.
Kim HS et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to a 915 MHz radiofrequency identification signal at a whole-body specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 2 weeks. The number of red blood cells and values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices were increased in the RFID-exposed group compared with the cage-control and sham-exposed groups. The number of white blood cells, including lymphocytes, was decreased in RFID-exposed rats, though T-cell counts and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio showed no statistically significant difference between sham-exposed and RFID-exposed groups. The researchers noted that these changes do not necessarily indicate that RFID exposure is harmful, as they were within the normal physiological response range.
Calabrò E, Magazù S. · 2017
Researchers studied the effects of mobile phone electromagnetic waves on the Amide I and Amide II vibration bands of proteins in bidistilled water solution, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Fourier self-deconvolution analysis. The proteins used were hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and lysozyme. The Amide I band increased significantly (p < 0.05) after 4 h of exposure, while the Amide II band did not change significantly.
Al-Serori H et al. · 2017
Researchers investigated whether UMTS radiofrequency signals cause micronucleus formation and other anomalies such as nuclear buds and nucleoplasmatic bridges in human glioblastoma cell lines. The experiments were conducted with human glioblastoma cell lines, U87 with wild-type p53 status and U251 with mutated p53 status, exposed to SAR doses of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 W/kg. The researchers found no evidence for induction of micronuclei or other anomalies, but observed apoptosis at the highest dose in U251 cells.
Marjanovic Cermak AM et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed V79 fibroblast cells to 1800 MHz RF radiation for 10, 30, and 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W/kg to investigate possible links between radiofrequency exposure and oxidative stress. Cell viability remained within normal physiological values regardless of exposure time. An increased level of superoxide radicals was detected after 60-minute exposure, and a significantly higher GSH level was observed immediately after 10-minute exposure, though GSH-Px activity was higher but not significant. Lipid oxidative damage in exposed cell samples was not observed.
Wang K et al. · 2017
Researchers examined the effects of a single 30-minute exposure to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on recognition memory in mice, using the novel object recognition task. Exposure at an intensity above 2.2 W/kg SAR produced a significant, density-dependent increase in the recognition memory index, with no corresponding changes in spontaneous locomotor activity. The researchers also found that exposure increased dendritic-spine density and length in hippocampal and prefrontal cortical neurons, and significantly altered neuronal excitability in pyramidal neurons. The SAR used in the study was 3.3 W/kg, which the researchers noted was outside the range encountered in normal daily life.
Kim JH, Yu DH, Huh YH, Lee EH, Kim HG, Kim HR. · 2017
Researchers exposed C57BL/6 mice to 835 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 4.0 W/kg for 5 hours per day during 12 weeks. The study found that RF-EMF exposure led to myelin sheath damage and that mice displayed hyperactivity-like behavior. Autophagy-related proteins including LC3B-II and Beclin1 were increased in neuronal cell bodies, and the researchers suggest autophagy may act as a protective pathway during radiofrequency exposure.
Waldmann-Selsam C et al. · 2016
A long-term field monitoring study from 2006 to 2015 in Bamberg and Hallstadt, Germany, included 144 radiofrequency measurements at 1.5m height in streets and parks. Researchers selected 60 damaged trees, 30 randomly selected trees, and 30 trees in low-radiation areas. Measurements revealed significant differences in power flux density between the damaged side facing a phone mast and the opposite side, and between the exposed side of damaged trees and all other groups. Trees in low-radiation areas with no visual contact to phone masts and power flux density under 50μW/m2 showed no damage.
Vian A, Davies E, Gendraud M, Bonnet P. · 2016
The review identifies exposure devices and illustrates plant responses at cellular, molecular, and whole-plant scales. Low-power high-frequency EMF modifies numerous metabolic activities, alters gene expression, and reduces growth. These changes occur systemically in distant tissues, not only in directly exposed tissues.
Paik MJ, Kim HS, Lee YS, Do Choi H, Pack JK, Kim N, Ahn YH · 2016
Researchers performed metabolomic analysis of urinary polyamines from rats exposed to 915 MHz RFID signals for 8 h/day for 2 weeks using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total polyamine levels and eight specific polyamines decreased after both sham and RFID exposure compared to before exposure, while N(1)-acetylspermine increased significantly in both groups. N(1)-acetylspermine rose 54% after RFID exposure versus 17% in the sham group.
López-Furelos A et al. · 2016
Forty rats were divided into four groups of ten. Twenty-four hours after exposure, HSP 90 and HSP 70 levels differed between cerebral hemispheres at high SAR, while caspase-3 did not. In cerebellar hemispheres, single RF exposure at high SAR altered HSP 90, HSP 70, and caspase-3 compared with controls. The combined signals did not produce additive effects on absorbed energy or biological outcomes.
Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. · 2016
The review examined 27 studies on RF-EMR effects on the male reproductive system. Eleven of 15 studies on sperm motility reported significant declines, all seven studies measuring ROS found elevated levels, and four of five studies on DNA damage reported increased damage. RF-EMR reduced antioxidant levels in all six studies that assessed them, and antioxidant supplementation ameliorated effects in all three studies that tested it.
