Ertilav K, Uslusoy F, Ataizi S, Nazıroğlu M. · 2018
Twenty-four adult rats were divided into control, 900 MHz, and 1800 MHz exposure groups. Each experimental group was exposed to electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes per day, five days per week, for one year. Both frequencies increased TRPV1 currents, calcium influx, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, apoptosis, and caspase 3 and 9 activities in the hippocampus and dorsal root ganglion. The 1800 MHz exposure produced greater increases in these measures than the 900 MHz exposure.
Li R et al. · 2018
Mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) were exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 4 W/kg for 24 hours. The exposure induced both autophagy and DNA damage in GC-2 cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species. When autophagy was blocked by knocking down AMPKα, DNA damage increased, while overexpressing AMPKα promoted autophagy and reduced DNA damage.
Kerimoğlu G, Güney C, Ersöz Ş, Odacı E. · 2018
Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats aged 21 days were divided into control, sham, and EMF groups, and the EMF group was exposed to a 900-MHz field for one hour each day from postnatal day 21 to 59. Histopathological examination showed normal Schwann cells and axons in all groups, but marked thickening of the epineurium in the EMF-exposed rats. Biochemical analysis found higher MDA, SOD, and CAT levels in the EMF group versus control and sham, and the apoptotic index was significantly increased in the EMF group.
Jeong YJ et al. · 2018
The aim of the study was to observe the impact of long-term RF-EMF on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in aging brains of C57BL/6 mice. Compared with young mice, aged mice showed significantly increased protein and lipid oxidative damage markers in the brain. Aged mice also had significantly elevated markers of DNA damage, apoptosis, astrocytes, and microglia. Long-term RF-EMF exposure did not change the levels of oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, astrocyte, or microglia markers in aged mouse brains. Long-term RF-EMF exposure also did not alter locomotor activity in aged mice.
Eghlidospour M, Ghanbari A, Mortazavi SMJ, Azari H. · 2017
Researchers exposed adult murine neural stem cells to GSM 900-MHz radiofrequency radiation from a mobile phone for varying durations. They used neurosphere assays to evaluate proliferation, immunofluorescence to examine differentiation, and alamarBlue and caspase 3 apoptosis assays to assess harmful effects. Neurosphere number and size and the proportion of cells becoming neurons decreased significantly with longer exposure. Cell viability, apoptosis, and astrocytic differentiation were unchanged.
Ahmed NA, Radwan NM, Aboul Ezz HS, Salama NA · 2017
Researchers exposed adult rats to EMR at a frequency of 900 MHz modulated at 217 Hz, with a power density of 0.02 mW/cm2 and SAR of 1.245 W/kg, and measured oxidative stress parameters in the hippocampus and striatum. EMR exposure produced disturbances in oxidant and antioxidant parameters in both brain regions. Green tea mega EGCG given at the beginning of EMR exposure for two and three months had more beneficial effect against EMR-induced oxidative stress than EGCG given after two months of exposure.
Ahmed NA, Radwan NM, Aboul Ezz HS, Salama NA. · 2017
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone-level radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz) for 2-3 months and found it caused oxidative stress damage in brain regions critical for memory and movement. However, when rats were given green tea extract (EGCG) before or during radiation exposure, it significantly protected against this brain damage. The study suggests that antioxidants may help shield the brain from wireless radiation effects.
Taheri M et al. · 2017
Researchers assessed whether 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiation and 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi router radiation alter the susceptibility of microorganisms to different antibiotics. The study found that exposure to Wi-Fi and RF simulator radiation can significantly alter inhibition zone diameters and growth rates for Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were exposed to RF-EMFs from a GSM 900 MHz mobile phone simulator and a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi router.
Wang K et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed mice to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phone signals) for 30 minutes and found it actually improved their memory performance on recognition tasks. The radiation changed brain cell structure and electrical activity in memory-related brain regions. However, the exposure level used was much higher than what people typically experience from everyday devices.
Pandey N, Giri S, Das S, Upadhaya P. · 2017
Swiss albino mice were exposed to 900 MHz RFR for 4 hours and 8 hours per day for 35 days, with one group terminated after exposure and another kept for an additional 35 days post-exposure. RFR exposure caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization and redox imbalance, along with statistically significant increases in DNA damage index and sperm head defects. Flow cytometry showed a 2.5-fold increase in spermatogonia and decreased spermatids, with reduced turnover ratios indicating premeiotic arrest and low sperm count. Histological alterations included sloughing of immature germ cells, epithelium depletion, and maturation arrest, but all changes showed recovery to varied degrees after the post-exposure period.
Pandey N, Giri S, Das S, Upadhaya P · 2017
Researchers exposed male mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the frequency used by many cell phones) for 4-8 hours daily over 35 days. The radiation caused DNA damage in sperm-producing cells and disrupted the normal development of sperm, leading to significantly lower sperm counts. While these effects were reversible after stopping exposure, the study demonstrates that cell phone radiation can interfere with male fertility at the cellular level.
Halgamuge MN. · 2017
The analysis found that 89.9% of studies reported physiological or morphological effects from mobile phone RF-EMF (p < 0.001). Maize, roselle, pea, fenugreek, duckweeds, tomato, onions, and mungbean appeared especially sensitive to RF-EMF.
Sepehrimanesh M, Kazemipour N, Saeb M, Nazifi S, Davis DL · 2017
Researchers exposed 20 Sprague-Dawley rats to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 0, 1, 2, or 4 hours per day for 30 consecutive days. After 4 hours of daily exposure, ATP synthase beta subunit and hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 precursor were significantly up-regulated. The authors state that these protein increases are related to carcinogenic risk and reproductive damage.
Unknown authors · 2017
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to 900-MHz EMF for 21 days (60 minutes per day) while a control group received no exposure. EMF exposure caused a significant reduction in pyramidal and granular cells in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum compared with the other groups. Treatment with folic acid or Boswellia sacra prevented this neuronal loss, resulting in cell counts similar to unexposed controls.
Unknown authors · 2017
Researchers exposed adult rats to 900-MHz cell phone radiation for one hour daily over 21 days and found significant brain cell death in memory and motor control regions. Two natural compounds, folic acid and Boswellia sacra, protected against this brain damage when given alongside the radiation exposure. The study demonstrates that cell phone frequency radiation can kill brain cells, but certain antioxidants may offer protection.
Calabrò E, Magazù S. · 2017
Researchers studied the effects of mobile phone electromagnetic waves on the Amide I and Amide II vibration bands of proteins in bidistilled water solution, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Fourier self-deconvolution analysis. The proteins used were hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and lysozyme. The Amide I band increased significantly (p < 0.05) after 4 h of exposure, while the Amide II band did not change significantly.
Hassanshahi A et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed 80 male Wistar rats to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 30 days at 12 hours per day. Exposed rats could not discriminate between novel and familiar objects in standard, tactile, visual, and cross-modal object recognition tests. M1 receptor expression increased after Wi-Fi exposure. The researchers concluded that chronic Wi-Fi exposure might impair both unimodal and cross-modal information encoding.
Abstract Wireless internet (Wi-Fi) electromagnetic waves (2.45 GHz) have widespread usage almost everywhere et al. · 2017
Mokarram P, Sheikhi M, Mortazavi SMJ, Saeb S, Shokrpour N · 2017
Researchers exposed male rats to 900 MHz GSM cell phone radiation for 4 hours and found it altered DNA methylation patterns in colon cells, specifically affecting the estrogen receptor gene. DNA methylation is a process that controls gene activity and plays a role in cancer development. This suggests that cell phone radiation may cause epigenetic changes that could potentially increase colorectal cancer risk.
Marjanovic Cermak AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I · 2017
Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 10, 30, and 60 minutes at an electric field strength of 30 V m-1 and a specific absorption rate of 1.6 W kg-1. Cell viability remained within normal physiological values after radiation exposure. Significantly higher ROS levels were observed at every radiation exposure time tested. After 60 minutes of exposure, the radiation caused significant lipid and protein damage. The highest glutathione concentration was detected after 10 minutes of exposure.
Bahreyni Toossi MH et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to cell phone radiation (900-1800 MHz) for 2 hours daily throughout pregnancy, then examined tissue damage in both mothers and their newborns after birth. They found significant oxidative stress (cellular damage from harmful molecules) in the heart, liver, kidney, brain areas of both mothers and offspring. This suggests that prenatal cell phone exposure may cause lasting tissue damage that affects both the pregnant mother and developing baby.
Chandel S, Kaur S, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. · 2017
Researchers exposed onion roots to 2100 MHz cell phone radiation for 1-4 hours and measured cellular damage markers. The exposure triggered increased production of harmful reactive oxygen species (unstable molecules that damage cells) and forced the plants to ramp up their antioxidant defenses. This demonstrates that cell phone frequencies can disrupt normal cellular processes even in plant tissue.
Ghatei N et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed pregnant BALB/c mice to mobile phone jammer radiation at 900 and 1800 MHz on the 19th day of pregnancy. After birth, offspring were divided into four exposure groups and examined at 8-10 weeks of age. Cerebellar expression of bax, bcl-2, p21, and p53 was measured by real-time RT-PCR. Radiation did not change bcl-2 or p53 expression (P>0.05). Radiation decreased bax expression and increased p21 expression compared to controls (P<0.05).
Shirai T et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their offspring to eight radiofrequency signals ranging from 800 MHz to 5.2 GHz. The exposure lasted 20 h per day from gestational day 7 through weaning and continued for offspring up to 6 weeks of age. No abnormal findings were observed in the dams, F1 offspring, or F2 offspring across all evaluated parameters. The study concluded that simultaneous whole-body exposure to these frequencies did not show adverse effects on pregnancy or development.
Türedi S, Kerimoğlu G, Mercantepe T, Odacı E. · 2017
Malondialdehyde levels increased in the EMF group compared to both control and sham groups in kidney and bladder tissues, while catalase and glutathione levels decreased. Kidney tissue in the EMF group showed dilatation and vacuolization in tubules, glomerular degeneration, and increased apoptotic cells. Bladder tissue in the EMF group showed degeneration in the transitional epithelium, stromal irregularity, and increased apoptotic cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed glomerular capillary degeneration with capillary basement membranes in the EMF group.
