Mason PA et al. · 1997
Researchers measured extracellular amino acid concentrations in the hypothalamus and caudate nucleus of rats using in vivo microdialysis before and during exposure to RFR. Rats were exposed to 5.02 GHz radiation (10 microseconds pulse width, 1000 pulses/s) for 40 minutes while brain temperatures were maintained at approximately 41.2 and 41.7 degrees C. Aspartic acid, serine, and glycine concentrations increased significantly in both regions during exposure. Glutamic acid and glutamine changes were not statistically significant.
Litovitz et al. · 1997
Researchers exposed L929 cells to 60 Hz AM microwave fields or a 50 Hz burst-modulated DAMPS digital cellular phone field together with 30-100 Hz ELF noise up to 10 microT for 8 h. ODC enhancement decreased exponentially with increasing noise amplitude, with complete inhibition at 2 microT or higher for 60 Hz AM microwaves and 5 microT or higher for the DAMPS signal.
Gapeev AB, Lakushina VS, Chemeris NK, Fesenko EE · 1997
Researchers investigated how low-intensity modulated extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation affected the respiratory burst of peritoneal neutrophils from NMRI mice. Continuous radiation at 50 microW/cm2 inhibited the reaction, with a maximum effect of about 25% at a carrier frequency of 41.95 GHz. When modulation was applied at 1 Hz, the reaction was activated, while modulation at 0.1, 16, and 50 Hz inhibited it. The effect was observed only when intracellular free calcium concentration was raised and calcium was flowing through the plasma membrane.
Fritze K et al. · 1997
Researchers studied the effect of GSM microwave exposure on gene activity in the rat brain by measuring messenger RNAs of hsp70, c-fos, c-jun, and GFAP using in situ hybridization histochemistry. The study used specific absorption rates of 0.3 W/kg, 1.5 W/kg, and 7.5 W/kg. Immediately after exposure, slight hsp70 messenger RNA induction was found in the cerebellum and hippocampus at 7.5 W/kg, but not at lower intensities. At 24 hours and seven days after exposure, no lasting protein changes, altered glial marker expression, or increased cell proliferation were observed.
French PW, Donnellan M, McKenzie DR, · 1997
Researchers exposed a human astrocytoma cell line, U-87 MG, to 835 MHz electromagnetic radiation for 20 min, 3 times per day for 7 days, at power densities of either 40 ± 15 mW cm−2 or 8.1 ± 3 mW cm−2. At the lower power density, the rate of DNA synthesis decreased and the cells flattened and spread out compared to unexposed cultures. At 40 mW cm−2 there were no effects on cell proliferation, but changes in cell shape included increased spreading and the appearance of actin-containing blebs on the membrane.
Donnellan M, McKenzie DR, French PW · 1997
Researchers exposed a mast cell line, RBL-2H3, to 835 MHz radiation for 20 minutes, three times per day for 7 days at a power density of 8.1 +/- 3 mW/cm2. From day 4 onward, DNA synthesis and cell replication increased, cell morphology changed, and beta-hexosaminidase release was significantly enhanced compared to unexposed cultures. No effects were seen on cytoskeletal protein synthesis or beta-actin mRNA levels. Morphological changes persisted following subculture for at least 7 days in the absence of further exposure.
Cleary, SF, Cao, G, Liu, LM, Egle, PM, Shelton, KR · 1997
Researchers investigated stress protein induction in HeLa and CHO cells following a 2-hour exposure to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. Cells were exposed under isothermal conditions maintained at 37 ± 0.2 °C. Neither microwave nor RF radiation had a detectable effect on stress protein induction.
Fiorani M et al. · 1997
Researchers investigated the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields (0.2–0.5 mT) on rabbit red blood cells exposed at the same time to an oxygen radical-generating system, Fe(II)/ascorbate. A 0.5 mT magnetic field had no effect on intact red blood cells, but when cells were already under oxidative stress, exposure caused a significant further decay in hexokinase activity of about 20% and a twofold increase in methemoglobin production. The researchers concluded that the magnetic fields studied were able to potentiate the cellular damage induced in vitro by oxidizing agents.
Ohmoto Y et al. · 1996
Neshev NN, Kirilova EI · 1996
The authors present a theoretical model describing how pulse-modulated microwaves might influence enzyme conformational oscillations in living organisms. The model predicts that specific pulse-repetition times matching enzyme oscillation periods can produce effects at extremely low power levels. The model indicates possible environmental-health risks from long-term exposure to ambient fields from radar, navigation, and communication systems.
Maes A, Collier M, Slaets D, Verschaeve L. · 1996
Researchers exposed whole blood samples to a 954 MHz GSM base station antenna and then cultured lymphocytes with mitomycin C. They measured sister chromatid exchange frequencies in metaphase figures.
Kittel A, Siklos L, Thuroczy G, Somosy Z · 1996
Gapeev AB, Safronova VG, Chemeris NK, Fesenko EE · 1996
Researchers compared horn, dielectric, and channel antennas for matching with biological loads. Electromagnetic radiation at 41.8-42.05 GHz inhibited luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils activated by opsonized zymosan. No frequency dependence was found in the far field zone, but a quasi-resonance dependence appeared in the near field zone. The channel antenna provided uniform specific absorption rate distribution and wide-band matching in both near and far field zones.
Detlavs I et al. · 1996
Researchers exposed Wistar rats with full-thickness dermal wounds to RF EMF for 30 min daily during the first 5 days using 53.53 GHz without modulation, 42.19 GHz without modulation, and 42.19 GHz with a 200-MHz frequency modulation band. RF EMF without frequency modulation decreased glycoprotein macromolecules and reduced inflammatory exudation and total collagen accumulation. RF EMF with frequency modulation significantly elevated hexoses and sialic acid concentrations, indicating intensified exudative phenomena, and increased collagenous protein accumulation. The authors concluded that non-thermal EMF affects reparative-proliferative processes in soft tissue wounds.
Balode, Z · 1996
Researchers examined micronuclei in bovine peripheral erythrocytes from female Latvian Brown cows near the Skrunda Radar and from a control area. They counted micronuclei in 2000 erythrocytes per animal at 1000x magnification using a simplified Schiff DNA staining method. The exposed group had an average of 0.6 micronuclei per 1000 erythrocytes versus 0.1 per 1000 in controls, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01).
Wolke S, Neibig U, Elsner R, Gollnick F, Meyer R, · 1996
Urech, M, Eicher, B, Siegenthaler, J · 1996
Researchers conducted field experiments lasting one to three years alongside laboratory tests, exposing Parmelia tiliacea and Hypogymnia physodes to 2.45 GHz microwaves at 0.2, 5, and 50 mW/cm² with a control. Both species showed a substantially reduced growth rate at the highest exposure of 50 mW/cm². Temperature measurements revealed that microwaves at 2.45 GHz and 50 mW/cm² substantially increased lichen surface temperature and accelerated drying. When the same species were exposed near a 9.5 MHz short-wave broadcast transmitter at up to 235 V/m, no visible effects were detected.
Singh B, Bate LA · 1996
Researchers exposed pigs to infrared, low-power (6.1 mW cm-2), and high-power (11.4 mW cm-2) 915 MHz microwave radiation for 24 hours, with controls under natural light. Lung tissues were examined ultrastructurally and for acid phosphatase activity, and rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction was measured. Low-power microwave exposure increased the rough endoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasm ratio, prominent Golgi profiles, and secretory vesicles in pulmonary intravascular macrophages compared to other groups. High-power microwave exposure caused extracellular acid phosphatase precipitates and disrupted collagen matrix in the pulmonary interstitium. Intracellular globules appeared in infrared and low-power microwave groups but not in controls or high-power group.
Pashovskina MS, Akoev IG · 1996
A solution of rat muscle actomyosin was exposed to 2375 MHz pulse-modulated microwave radiation with rectangular pulse modulation ranging from 50 to 300 pulses per second. The study found that actomyosin ATPase activity was dependent on both modulation frequency and microwave intensity. Specific modulation frequencies were found to change the ATPase activity of actomyosin.
Kubinyi G, Thuroczy G, Bakos J, Boloni E, Sinay H, Szabo LD, · 1996
Pregnant CFLP mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 100 minutes each day throughout gestation in an anechoic chamber. Brain aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity decreased significantly after continuous-wave exposure but not after amplitude-modulated exposure. Liver enzyme activity increased after both continuous-wave and amplitude-modulated exposure, while body and organ weights were unaffected.
Kolosova LI, Akoev GN, Avelev VD, Riabchikova OV, Babu KS · 1996
Researchers examined the effect of low-intensity millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation on regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve after transection and microsurgical reapproximation. At the twentieth postoperative day, treated animals showed a 32% increase in regeneration distance and a 26% increase in conduction velocity compared to controls.
Elekes E, Thuróczy G, Szabó LD. · 1996
Researchers tested the effect of continuous or amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the immune response of mice. CW exposures induced elevations of the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of male Balb/c mice by 37%. AM microwave exposure induced elevation of the spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing cell number by 55% in the spleen of male mice. No changes were observed in female mice.
Cleary, SF, Du, Z, Cao, G, Liu, LM, McCrady, C · 1996
Researchers investigated the effects of RF radiation exposure on interleukin 2 (IL-2) -dependent proliferation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLL-2). At specific absorption rates greater than 25 W/kg, exposure produced a consistent, statistically significant reduction in CTLL-2 proliferation, especially at low IL-2 concentrations. At lower SARs, 2450 MHz exposure increased CTLL-2 proliferation immediately after exposure but reduced 24 h postexposure proliferation. The researchers found significant qualitative and quantitative differences between the effects of temperature elevation and RF radiation.
Belyaev IY, Shcheglov VS, Alipov YD, Polunin VA · 1996
Researchers studied how millimeter waves affected the genome conformational state of E. coli AB1157 cells across a frequency range of 51.64 to 51.85 GHz. The resonance frequency of 51.755 GHz did not shift with power density, though the magnitude of the effect differed significantly and depended on the power density of exposure. Sharp narrowing of the 51.755 GHz resonance at lower power densities was followed by an emergence of new resonance frequencies.
Bawin SM, Satmary WM, Jones RA, Adey WR, Zimmerman G. · 1996
Researchers used rat hippocampal slices to study how extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields affect rhythmic slow activity (RSA), a brain rhythm associated with memory functions. Slices were exposed for 10-minute epochs to 1 or 60 Hz magnetic fields at intensities of 5.6, 56, or 560 μT, or were sham exposed. 1 Hz fields at 56 and 560 μT, but not at 5.6 μT, triggered irreversible destabilization of RSA intervals, while 60 Hz fields showed similar but not statistically significant trends. The field effects on RSA did not occur when nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was pharmacologically inhibited.
