Haarala C et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed 32 children aged 10-14 to a 902 MHz GSM mobile phone in active and inactive conditions while they performed cognitive tests. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in reaction times or accuracy between the phone-on and phone-off conditions across all tests. The authors concluded that a standard mobile phone has no effect on children's cognitive function as measured by response speed and accuracy.
Green AC et al. · 2005
Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2 +) ](i)) was measured in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells and cardiac myocytes during exposure to TETRA fields (380.8875 MHz pulse modulated at 17.6 Hz, 25% duty cycle). Granule cells exposed at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 5, 10, 20, 50 or 400 mW x kg(-1) showed no significant changes in resting [Ca(2 +) ](i). Exposure to TETRA (50 or 400 mW x kg(-1)) had no significant effect on either the rate or amplitude of spontaneous Ca(2 +) transients in cardiac myocytes. Overall, these results showed no evidence of any consistent or biologically relevant effect of TETRA fields on [Ca(2 + )](i) in granule cells and cardiac myocytes at any of the SAR tested.
Gorlitz BD et al. · 2005
Galloni P et al. · 2005
Researchers divided 48 Sprague-Dawley rats into exposed and sham-exposed groups. The rats were exposed 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks at a local SAR of 2 W/kg in the ear. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions tests were carried out before, during, and after the exposure. The analysis showed no statistically significant differences in audiological signals between the different groups.
Galloni P et al. · 2005
Researchers evaluated possible effects of cellular phone-like electromagnetic fields on the functionality of the rat cochlea. Distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude was used as an indicator of outer hair cell status, and multiple exposure protocols with varying frequencies, intensities, and durations were tested before, during, and after exposure. No significant variation due to microwave exposure was evidenced.
Franke H et al. · 2005
Researchers investigated the influence of a generic UMTS signal on barrier tightness, transport processes, and morphology of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cell cultures serving as an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. The cells were exposed continuously for up to 84 hours at an average electric-field strength of 3.4-34 V/m with a maximum of 1.8 W/kg under athermal conditions. Barrier tightness measured by 14C-sucrose and serum albumin permeation and by transendothelial electrical resistance remained unchanged compared to sham-exposed cultures. Permeation of transporter substrates and the localization and integrity of the tight-junction proteins occludin and ZO1 were also unaffected.
Degrave E, Autier P, Grivegnee AR, Zizi M. · 2005
Researchers studied all-cause mortality in 27,671 Belgian militaries who served in radar battalions from 1963 to 1994, observed from 1968 to 2003. A control group of 16,128 militaries who were never exposed to radars was used for comparison. The age-standardized mortality ratio was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.95-1.16) in professional militaries and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.85) in conscripts. No difference in mortality was found based on duration of service or period of service among professional militaries. Over the 40-year observation period, there was no increase in all-cause mortality in those with close contact to radar equipment.
Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. · 2005
Researchers investigated whether whole-body exposure to 2.45GHz electromagnetic fields alters performance in a 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. The results showed that microwave exposure as used in the study did not alter spatial working memory when access to spatial cues was reduced. In a replication attempt using a maze apparatus bordered by 30 cm high opaque walls, the performance of exposed rats was normal.
Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N, Cassel JC. · 2005
In a first phase, researchers validated the elevated plus-maze apparatus in male Sprague-Dawley rats. They tested anxiety responses at light intensities of 200, 30, 10, and 2.5 lux and with diazepam doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg. Anxiety responses decreased with decreasing light intensity and were attenuated by diazepam. A separate group of rats was then exposed to 2.45 GHz EMFs with a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg and brain-averaged SAR of 0.9 W/kg for 45 min. EMF exposure did not significantly affect anxiety responses at either low or high ambient light intensity.
Christensen et al. · 2005
Researchers conducted a nationwide population-based case-control study in Denmark. Cellular telephone use was associated with lower risk for high-grade glioma (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.90). Risk estimates were near unity for low-grade glioma (OR 1.08) and meningioma (OR 1.00). The results did not support an association between cellular telephone use and risk for glioma or meningioma.
Christ A, Kuster N. · 2005
The study investigates differences in RF energy absorption in the heads of adults and children. It discusses absorption mechanisms, tissue parameters, the effect of the pinna, and uncertainties in head models based on spheroids, scaled adult heads, and MRI data of children. The review concludes that energy exposure does not increase due to smaller heads, but identifies open issues regarding dielectric tissue parameters and pinna thickness.
Chang SK et al. · 2005
Researchers examined the biological effects of an 835-MHz EMF on bacterial reverse mutation (Ames assay) and DNA stability (in vitro DNA degradation) using tester strains exposed to a continuous waveform at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg for 48 h. In the presence of the EMF, some strains showed increased mutation rates with certain mutagens while others showed antimutagenic effects, but these effects were not significantly repeated in other relevant strains. Exposure to 835-MHz EMF did not change the rate of DNA degradation measured using plasmid pBluescript SK(+) as an indicator. The researchers concluded that 835-MHz EMF under the study conditions neither affected reverse mutation frequency nor accelerated DNA degradation in vitro.
Besset A, Espa F, Dauvilliers Y, Billiard M, de Seze R. · 2005
The study investigated the effects of daily exposure to GSM 900 type MP on cognitive function. Fifty-five subjects were divided into two groups matched for age, gender, and IQ. The double-blind study lasted 45 days with baseline, exposure, and recovery periods.
Zeni O et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood leukocytes from healthy volunteers to a 900 MHz GSM signal for 2 hours at SARs of 0.3 and 1 W/kg. DNA damage was assessed with the comet assay, chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges were measured in stimulated lymphocytes, and cell proliferation was evaluated via the mitotic index. No statistically significant differences were observed between exposed and sham-exposed samples for any of these endpoints, while positive controls showed the expected increases in DNA damage.
Harakawa S et al. · 2005
The effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electric fields (ELF EFs) on plasma lipid peroxide levels and antioxidant activity (AOA) in Sprague–Dawley rats were studied. The test compared rats treated with a combination of the oxidizing agent AAPH and a 50 Hz EF of 17.5 kV/m for 15 min per day for 7 days, as well as AAPH alone, EF alone, or no treatment. EF significantly decreased the plasma peroxide level in rats treated with AAPH, similar to treatment by ascorbic acid or the superoxide dismutase.
Szyjkowska A et al. · 2005
A survey using a self-reported questionnaire was conducted among randomly selected university students in Lodz, Central Poland. Out of 160 questionnaires distributed, 140 were completed and 117 were analyzed after excluding respondents with pre-existing health problems. The participants were 61 males and 56 females, with most rating their health as good or very good. Seventy percent of students reported headache, 20% reported dizziness, 56% reported impaired concentration, and 11% reported facial dermatitis. Only 8 of 82 students with headache and 10 of 65 with impaired concentration attributed these symptoms to mobile phone use, and the authors concluded that further experimental and epidemiologic studies are needed.
McEvoy SP et al. · 2005
Driver mobile phone use up to 10 minutes before a crash was associated with a fourfold increased likelihood of crashing (odds ratio 4.1, 95% CI 2.2 to 7.7). Risk was raised irrespective of whether a hands-free device was used, with hands-free odds ratio 3.8 and hand-held odds ratio 4.9. Increased risk was similar in men and women and in drivers aged 30 years or older and younger than 30 years. A third of calls before crashes and on trips during the previous week were reportedly on hand-held phones (n = 21).
Wallin MK, Marve T, Hakansson PK. · 2005
Researchers tested whether GPRS, UMTS, and WLAN signals interfere with life-supporting equipment in intensive care and operating rooms. UMTS and WLAN caused little interference and can be used safely in critical care areas, though direct contact with medical devices should be avoided. GPRS at 50 cm caused an older infusion pump to alarm and stop infusing and produced 10 cases of display interference. GPRS can be used safely at a distance of 1 m.
van Wyk MJ, Bingle M, Meyer FJ. · 2005
This study presents a variety of critical aspects that need to be considered when calculating SAR in a human body close to a mobile phone base station antenna. The results show that it is critical to take the disturbance effect of the human phantom (a large conductive body) on the base station antenna into account when the antenna-phantom spacing is less than 300 mm. For these small spacings, the antenna structure must be modeled in detail. The conclusion is that it is feasible to calculate, using the proposed techniques and methodology, accurate occupational compliance zones around base station antennas based on a SAR profile and basic restriction guidelines. A hybrid FEM/MoM technique is proposed as a suitable numerical method to obtain accurate results.
Trigano A, Blandeau O, Dale C, Wong MF, Wiart J. · 2005
Researchers performed 330 consecutive tests in 158 patients during routine pacemaker follow-up examinations. Two cellular phone systems were tested: GSM at a maximal power output of 2 W on a 900 MHz carrier frequency, and PCS at a maximal output of 1 W on a 1800 MHz carrier frequency. Interference was noted in only 5 tests, all involving unprotected pacemaker models, and the overall incidence of interference was 1.5% of tests.
Shinar D, Tractinsky N, Compton R · 2005
The study used a simulated driving environment with two different hands-free phone tasks. The experiment consisted of five sessions of driving while using the phone. A learning effect occurred on most driving measures across the sessions. Interference from the phone task on many driving tasks diminished over time. Interference was greater with an artificial math operations task than with an emotionally involving conversation, with greater driving demands, and with older drivers.
Oommen BS, Stahl JS · 2005
Previous studies attributed impaired driving performance to the distractions of conversation. The researchers determined that holding an inactive phone to the ear reduces the probability of eccentric head positions. This reduction potentially indicates a reduced ability to monitor the visual surround.
Musaev AV, Ismailova LF, Gadzhiev AM. · 2005
Researchers studied changes in ascorbate- and NADPN2-dependent induced lipid peroxidation in the visual analyzer and hypothalamus of 3- and 12-month-old rats exposed to high- and low-intensity microwaves. High-intensity exposure stimulated basal LPO but suppressed LPO-inducing systems. Low-intensity exposure activated induced LPO systems accompanied by synchronous antioxidant defense activity maintaining redox balance. The authors concluded that microwaves can be either beneficial or a factor of oxidative stress depending on intensity.
Meo SA, Al-Drees AM · 2005
Researchers invited 873 mobile phone users (57.04% males, 39.86% females) to complete a structured questionnaire and used chi-square tests to examine call duration and symptoms. The study found an association between mobile phone use and hearing and vision complaints, with 34.59% reporting hearing issues like impaired hearing, ear ache, or warmth, and 5.04% reporting decreased or blurred vision. The authors concluded that mobile phone use is a health risk factor and suggested avoiding excessive use while increasing social awareness through health promotion.
Martinez-Burdalo M, Martin A, Anguiano M, Villar R · 2005
Researchers analyzed safety assessment procedures for human exposure near cellular base-station antennas at 900, 1800, and 2170 MHz. They compared distances where electromagnetic fields were below reference levels with distances where specific absorption rate (SAR) values in an exposed person were below basic restrictions according to European guidelines. A high-resolution human body model was placed in front of each antenna at different distances to compute whole-body averaged SAR and maximum 10 g averaged SAR. The finite-difference time-domain method was used for both electromagnetic field and SAR calculations.
