5G vs 4G Radiation: What's Different?

NF-κB DNA-binding activity after high peak power pulsed microwave (8.2 GHz) exposure of normal human monocytes

Natarajan M, Vijayalaxmi , Szilagyi M, Roldan FN, Meltz ML · 2002

Chronic electromagnetic field exposure decreases HSP70 levels and lowers cytoprotection.

Di Carlo A, White N, Guo F, Garrett P, Litovitz T. · 2002

Chick embryos were exposed to ELF-EMFs at 8 microT continuously for 4 days, or to ELF or RF EMFs repeated daily for 4 days in sessions of 20, 30, or 60 minutes once or twice daily. Several exposure protocols produced statistically significant decreases in protection against hypoxic stress, including continuous ELF and 30 or 60 minute ELF twice daily, or 30 or 60 minute once daily RF. Following 4 days of ELF-EMF exposure, HSP70 levels declined by 27% compared to controls.

Cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes following GMSK phase modulated microwave exposure.

d'Ambrosio G, MassaR, Scarfi MR, Zeni O · 2002

Researchers exposed human peripheral blood cultures to 1.748 GHz microwaves, either as continuous wave or phase-only modulated wave, for 15 minutes. The study measured cell proliferation kinetics and micronucleus frequency to look for genotoxic effects. No changes in cell proliferation kinetics were found after either type of exposure. A statistically significant micronucleus effect was found following exposure to the phase modulated field, but not after continuous wave exposure. The researchers suggested these results indicate a genotoxic power of the phase modulation itself.

The Effect of 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA Modulated Radiofrequency Radiation on the Induction of Micronuclei in C3H 10T½ Cells. Radiat.

Bisht KS, Moros EG, Straube WL, Baty JD, Roti Roti JL · 2002

Researchers exposed C3H 10T½ cells to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA modulated radiofrequency radiation to determine whether it caused micronuclei to form. Cells were exposed at power levels of 3.2 or 4.8 W/kg for CDMA and 3.2 or 5.1 W/kg for FDMA, for durations of 3, 8, 16, or 24 hours. In three repeat experiments, no exposure condition produced a significant increase in micronuclei compared to sham-exposed cells.

Micronucleus induction after whole-body microwave irradiation of rats.

Trosic I, Busljeta I, Kasuba V, Rozgaj R. · 2002

Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to continuous 2450 MHz radiofrequency microwave radiation for 2 hours a day, 7 days a week, for up to 30 days, at a power density of 5–10 mW/cm2. Peripheral blood smears were examined for micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes as an indicator of genotoxicity. Micronuclei per 1000 PCEs were significantly increased after eight irradiation treatments compared with sham-exposed controls. The researchers noted that an adaptive mechanism in both erythrocytopoiesis and genotoxicity likely appeared during the subchronic irradiation treatment.

Micronuclei in the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells of rats exposed to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation.

Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001

Eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2450 MHz RFR in circularly polarized waveguides, and eight sham-exposed rats were kept in similar waveguides without RFR transmission. Four rats treated with mitomycin-C served as positive controls, and all rats were necropsied 24h after exposure to examine peripheral blood and bone marrow smears for micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. The incidence of micronuclei per 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes was not significantly different between RFR-exposed and sham-exposed rats.

Chromosome damage and micronucleus formation in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to radiofrequency radiation at a cellular telephone frequency (847.74 MHz, CDMA).

Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed peripheral blood samples from four healthy nonsmoking volunteers to 847.74 MHz CDMA radiation at SARs of 4.9 or 5.5 W/kg for 24 hours. Sham-exposed and gamma-irradiated (1.5 Gy) samples served as controls. No significant differences were found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes in mitotic indices, frequencies of exchange aberrations, excess fragments, binucleate cells, or micronuclei. Gamma-irradiated lymphocytes showed significantly different responses for all indices compared to both RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells. The authors concluded there was no evidence for induction of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei under these exposure conditions.

Cytogenetic Studies in Human Blood Lymphocytes Exposed In Vitro to Radiofrequency Radiation at a Cellular Telephone Frequency (835.62 MHz, FDMA).

Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed diluted peripheral blood from four healthy volunteers to 835.62 MHz RF radiation at SARs of 4.4 or 5.0 W/kg for 24 hours. Sham-exposed and gamma-irradiated (1.50 Gy) samples served as negative and positive controls, and lymphocytes were cultured for 48 or 72 hours to assess chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, mitotic indices, and binucleate cells. No significant differences were found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes for any of the measured endpoints, while gamma radiation produced significantly different responses. The authors concluded there is no evidence for induction of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei under these exposure conditions.

Neoplastic Transformation in C3H 10T(1/2) Cells after Exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA and 847.74 MHz CDMA Radiations.

Roti Roti JL et al. · 2001

Researchers measured the effect of 835.62 MHz FDMA and 847.74 MHz CDMA radiation on neoplastic transformation frequency using the in vitro C3H 10T(1/2) cell transformation assay system. Cells were exposed at 37°C to either radiation at a specific absorption rate of 0.6 W/kg for 7 days to test for genotoxic effects, or after 4.5 Gy X-ray exposure for 42 days to test for epigenetic promotion effects. After both the 7-day and 42-day exposures, no statistically significant differences in transformation frequencies were found between incubator controls, sham-exposed groups, and RF-exposed groups.

Cytogenetic effects of 900 MHz (GSM) microwaves on human lymphocytes

Maes A, Collier M, Verschaeve L · 2001

Researchers investigated cytogenetic effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency fields using chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange frequency methods. They studied three exposure modes (continuous, pseudo-random, dummy burst) at power outputs from 0 to 50 W. Specific absorption rates ranged from 0 to 10 W/kg. The study examined effects of radiation alone and combined with mitomycin C and X-rays. Overall, no mutagenic or co-mutagenic effect was found.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields do not alter the cell cycle progression of C3H 10T and U87MG cells.

Higashikubo R et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed mouse C3H 10T(1/2) fibroblasts and human U87MG glioma cells to two types of radiofrequency fields at 0.6 W/kg. Five cell cycle parameters including transit through G1, G2, and S phase and probability of cell division were measured immediately and up to 100 hours. No changes in cell cycle parameters were observed in exposed cells compared to sham-exposed cells in either cell line during the entire experimental period.

Measurement of DNA damage in mammalian cells exposed in vitro to radiofrequency fields at sars of 3-5 w/kg.

Li L et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed murine C3H 10T(1/2) fibroblasts to radiofrequency fields at specific absorption rates of 3.2 to 5.1 W/kg. Cell cultures were exposed to 847.74 MHz CDMA and 835.62 MHz FDMA modulated radiations in radial transmission line irradiators with temperature regulated to 37.0 ± 0.3 °C. Using the alkaline comet assay, they found no statistically significant differences in comet moment or comet length between sham-exposed and exposed cells after 2, 4, or 24 hours of exposure, for both exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells. A 4-hour incubation after a 2-hour exposure also resulted in no significant changes in comet moment or comet length. The authors concluded that exposure at 37°C up to 5.1 W/kg did not induce measurable DNA damage.

Analysis of the influence of the cell geometry, orientation and cell proximity effects on the electric field distribution from direct RF exposure.

Sebastian JL, Munoz S, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2001

Researchers calculated electric field intensity using the finite element method in single- and multilayer spherical, cylindrical, and ellipsoidal mammalian cell models exposed to 900 and 2450 MHz plane waves. They analyzed how cell geometry and orientation relative to the external field influence the electric field induced in the membrane and cytoplasm. The study found that cytoplasmic and extracellular bound water layers play a significant role in determining electric field intensity for cylindrical and ellipsoidal models.

Changes in the dielectric properties of rat tissue as a function of age at microwave frequencies.

Peyman A, Rezazadeh AA, Gabriel C · 2001

Researchers measured dielectric properties of ten rat tissues at six ages from 130 MHz to 10 GHz. Results showed a general decrease in dielectric properties with age. The decrease was more apparent in brain, skull, and skin tissues than in abdominal tissues. The variation was attributed to changes in water content and organic composition.

Comparison of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from people occupationally exposed to ionizing and radiofrequency radiation.

Lalic H, Lekic A, Radosevic-Stasic B. · 2001

Researchers investigated genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in 25 hospital workers and 20 radio-relay station workers using chromosome aberration analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Total chromosome aberrations were almost equally higher in both exposed groups compared to unexposed controls. Acentric fragments were the most frequent aberration and were significantly higher in both exposed groups than in controls. Dicentric fragments were also elevated in both exposed groups, while chromatid breaks increased only after ionizing radiation.

2-Methoxyethanol metabolism, embryonic distribution, and macromolecular adduct formation in the rat: the effect of radiofrequency radiation-induced hyperthermia.

Cheever KL et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 10 MHz radiofrequency radiation and measured metabolism and distribution of 2-methoxyethanol and its metabolite methoxyacetic acid. Radiofrequency exposure reduced total body clearance of radiolabeled 2-methoxyethanol but did not change methoxyacetic acid levels in serum, embryos, or extraembryonic fluid. Protein adduct formation in embryos did not differ in a way that would explain the reported synergy between radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol.

Effects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human erythrocytes.

Moustafa YM, Moustafa RM, Belacy A, Abou-El-Ela SH, Ali FM. · 2001

Researchers investigated the effect of acute exposure to radiofrequency fields from commercially available cellular phones on oxidative stress parameters in 12 healthy adult male volunteers. Each volunteer placed the phone in his pocket in standby position with the keypad facing the body. The parameters measured were lipid peroxide and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase. Plasma lipid peroxide increased significantly after 1, 2, and 4 hours of exposure. SOD and GSH-Px activities in erythrocytes showed significant reduction, while catalase activity did not decrease significantly.

Effects of low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on electrical activity in rat hippocampal slices.

Tattersall JE et al. · 2001

Long-lasting (fatiguing) activity of isolated muscle fibres influenced by microwave electromagnetic field.

Radicheva N, Mileva K, Georgieva B, Kristev I · 2001

Researchers exposed isolated frog muscle fibers to continuous 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 20 mW/cm² for one hour. Repetitive stimulation at 200 ms intervals evoked intracellular action potentials and twitch contractions. The twitch amplitude curve showed a drastic fall in the first 5 seconds followed by an increase and then a decrease. After microwave exposure, the changes in amplitude and time parameters that characterize fatigue were attenuated and delayed compared to controls. The authors concluded that microwaves have a specific non-thermal influence causing some resistance to fatigue.

Tight junctional changes upon microwave and x-ray irradiation.

Palfia Z, Somosy Z, Rez G · 2001

Researchers evaluated murine jejunal epithelial tight junctions after whole-body X-ray and microwave exposure using freeze fracture replicas. X-ray treatment at 4 Gy caused partial dearrangement of the ZO strand network that only partially regenerated by 24 hours. Microwave treatment at 16 Hz-modulated 2.45 GHz and 1 mW/cm2 for 1 hour did not cause dearrangement but increased integration of the tight junctional structure. The microwave effect agreed with an increase in cytochemically detectable ZO-bound calcium.

Effects of radiofrequency exposure on the GABAergic system in the rat cerebellum: clues from semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry

Mausset A, de Seze R, Montpeyroux F, Privat A · 2001

Researchers injected rats with gamma-vinyl-GABA to increase GABA levels and then used immunohistochemistry and image analysis to measure cerebellar GABA content. They exposed rats to 900 MHz pulsed radiofrequency at 4 W/kg SAR and continuous waves at 32 W/kg SAR. Pulsed exposure selectively reduced the stained processes area in the Purkinje cell layer, while continuous exposure decreased optical density in all three cell layers. The authors noted that it is unknown whether these effects are partly due to local tissue heating.

Effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity on parameters of humoral immunity in healthy mice.

Lushnikov et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed healthy male NMRI mice to 42.0 GHz electromagnetic radiation at an energy flux density of 0.15 mW/cm2 under several different exposure regimes. After repeated exposures for 20 days before immunization, thymic cellularity was reduced by 17.5% and spleen cellularity by 14.5%, both statistically significant. The humoral immune response itself did not change significantly under any of the exposure regimes tested.

Changes in cellular proteins due to environmental non-ionizing radiation. I. Heat-shock protiens

S. Kwee, P. Raskmark & S. Velizarov · 2001

Researchers exposed transformed human epithelial amnion (AMA) cells to a microwave field simulating the GSM signal at 960 MHz for 20 minutes. The field generated a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2.1 mW.kg−1 in the cells, and exposures were carried out at temperatures of 35, 37, and 40 ± 0.1°C. Higher amounts of Hsp-70 were found in exposed cells at 35 and 37°C compared with sham-exposed cells, while Hsp-27 showed no significant response. The researchers considered these effects athermal because the field strength was much lower than the safety standard for absence of heat generation by microwave fields.

Effects of mobile phone type signals on calcium levels within human leukaemic T-cells (Jurkat cells).

Cranfield CG, Wood AW, Anderson V, Menezes KG. · 2001

Researchers tested whether simulated GSM mobile phone signals at 915 MHz and 2 W kg(-1) influence calcium concentration or calcium signalling patterns in a human lymphocyte cell line. No significant changes were found in the regression slope of calcium fluorescence, mean calcium concentration, number of calcium spikes, or mean height of those spikes. A significant alteration in average frequency from Fourier spectra was found in one category only: pulsed wave exposure of activated cells.

Effects of electromagnetic fields produced by radiotelevision broadcasting stations on the immune system of women.

Boscol P et al. · 2001

The study investigated the immune systems of 19 women with a mean age of 35 years who had been exposed to electromagnetic fields from radiotelevision broadcasting stations in their residential area for at least 2 years, with a mean exposure duration of 13 years. The exposed group had mean field levels of 4.3 plus or minus 1.4 V/m in the range 500 KHz to 3 GHz, while the control group had nearby residential exposure of less than 1.8 V/m. The exposed women showed statistically significant reductions in several immune cell types and lower in vitro production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The researchers concluded that high frequency electromagnetic fields reduce cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of women without a dose-response effect.