Saygin M, Caliskan S, Karahan N, Koyu A, Gumral N, Uguz A · 2011
Researchers used twelve-week-old male Wistar Albino rats divided into cage control, sham control, and 2.45 GHz EMR groups, with the exposure group receiving 3.21 W/kg for 60 minutes daily over 28 days. The exposed rats showed a significant reduction in Leydig cell numbers compared to cage controls. Spermatogenesis scores differed significantly between groups, and Bax gene and Caspase-8 enzyme levels showed significant changes.
Sannino A et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes in G0, G1, or S-phase to 900 MHz RF at 1.25 W/kg for 20 hours, then treated them with mitomycin C. The incidence of micronuclei was evaluated to determine adaptive response. Cells exposed in S-phase showed an adaptive response, while those exposed in G0 or G1 did not.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the mutagenic and morphologic effects of 1.8GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation, alone and combined with Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) pre-treatment, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using Sister Chromatid Exchange and electron microscopy. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in Sister Chromatid Exchange frequency in RF-exposed lymphocytes compared to sham controls. RF radiation also inhibited cell viability in a time-dependent manner, and EGb 761 pre-treatment significantly increased cell viability at 8 and 24 hours compared to RF-exposed groups alone.
Aly H., Ashraf & deris, Safaai & Zaki, Nazar. (2011). · 2011
Researchers investigated whether radiofrequency field exposure could affect the activity of human immune system cells by studying the activity and behavior of human leukocytes upon exposure to radiofrequency fields. Human blood leukocytes were exposed to 1800 MHz RF radiation (SAR of 1.25 W/Kg, Power density of 0.1 mW/cm2) from a mobile phone when placed within a distance of 5 cm from the microscope stage. The maximum speed exceeded that measured at any temperature by approximately 50%, and a significant change was observed in leukocyte movement direction and cell behavior, including shrinking, expanding, and rolling.
Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D, Franken DR. · 2011
Highly motile human spermatozoa were exposed for 1 hour to 900-MHz mobile phone radiation at a specific absorption rate of 2.0 W/kg and examined at various times after exposure. The radiation did not affect the sperm acrosome reaction, but significant reductions were found in sperm head area and acrosome percentage of the head area among exposed sperm compared with unexposed controls. The mean number of zona-bound sperm was 22.8 in exposed samples versus 31.8 in controls, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The researchers concluded that these results could indicate a significant effect of RF-EMF on sperm fertilization potential.
Cao Y, Xu Q, Jin ZD, Zhou Z, Nie JH, Tong J. · 2011
Adult male Kunming mice were exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at power intensities of 12, 120 and 1200 μW/cm(2) for 1 h/day for 14 days and then subjected to whole body gamma-irradiation. Compared with mice exposed to gamma-radiation alone, the RF pre-exposed mice showed a significant increase in survival time and a reduction in hematopoietic tissue damage. The researchers described this effect as appearing similar to the 'adaptive response' which is well documented in scientific literature.
Monselise EB, Levkovitz A, Gottlieb HE, Kost D · 2011
Researchers exposed water plants (etiolated duckweed) for 24 hours to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields ranging between 1.8 V m(-1) and 7.8 V m(-1), generated by AM 1.287 MHz transmitting antennas. The exposure resulted in alanine accumulation in the plant cells, which the researchers describe as a universal stress signal. The magnitude of the effect corresponds qualitatively to the level of RF-EMF exposure. When vitamin C at 10 mM was present, alanine accumulation was completely suppressed, suggesting the involvement of free radicals in the process.
Sirav B, Seyhan N · 2011
Researchers exposed male and female Wistar albino rats to 0.9 and 1.8 GHz continuous-wave radiofrequency radiation for 20 minutes to investigate effects on blood-brain barrier permeability. A significant increase in albumin was found in the brains of the RF-exposed male rats when compared to sham-exposed male brains. In female rats, no albumin extravasation was found in the brain after RFR exposure. The researchers noted that these results suggest that exposure at levels below the international limits can affect vascular permeability in the brain of male rats.
Sekijima M et al. · 2010
The study examined cell proliferation and gene expression in three human cell lines after exposure to 2.1425 GHz continuous wave and W-CDMA modulated radiofrequency fields. Cells were exposed at specific absorption rates of 80, 250, or 800 mW/kg for up to 96 hours. No significant differences in cell growth or viability were found between exposed groups and sham controls, and less than 1% of genes showed altered expression.
Lee HJ et al. · 2010
Male rats were exposed to 848.5 MHz RF for 12 weeks. The exposure schedule consisted of two 45-min RF exposure periods separated by a 15-min interval. The whole-body average SAR was 2.0 W/kg. Researchers measured sperm counts, malondialdehyde concentrations, spermatogenesis stage frequency, germ cell counts, apoptotic cells, and performed immunoblotting for p53, bcl-2, caspase 3, p21, and PARP. The study concluded that subchronic exposure did not have observable adverse effects on rat spermatogenesis.
Kowalczuk C et al. · 2010
Researchers used a doubly resonant cavity to test whether biological samples generate a second harmonic when exposed to continuous wave RF fields at 883 MHz. They tested over 500 samples including human and mouse cell suspensions, adherent cell lines, and mouse tissue slices, both viable and non-viable. Input powers were 0.1 or 1 mW, and the system could detect second harmonic signals above a noise floor of -169 dBm. No consistent second harmonic was detected, so the results do not support the hypothesis that living cells can demodulate RF energy.
Kim KB et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed MCF7 human breast cancer cells to 849 MHz RF radiation for one hour per day over three consecutive days at SARs of 2 or 10 W/kg. Protein expression profiles were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and showed no significant or reproducible changes after exposure. Follow-up analysis of three non-reproducible protein spots using mass spectrometry, RT-PCR, and Western blot confirmed no alterations in mRNA or protein levels.
Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Yuvaci HU, Turhan N, Coskun ZK, Seyhan N. · 2010
Researchers exposed female Wistar rats to 1800 MHz GSM-modulated RFR for 20 minutes per day, 5 days a week, for one month. They measured micronucleus frequency in exfoliated bladder cells to assess genotoxic damage. No significant difference in micronucleus frequency was found between exposed and control groups (p>0.05). The authors concluded that 1800 MHz RFR did not produce any genotoxic effect under these exposure conditions.
Bourthoumieu S et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed human amniotic cells to GSM-900 MHz radiofrequency radiation at an average SAR of 0.25 W/kg for 24 hours. Genotoxic effects were assessed immediately and 24 hours after exposure using R-banded karyotyping of 100 metaphase cells per assay across four samples. No direct cytogenetic effects were observed at either time point.
O'Connor RP, Madison SD, Leveque P, Roderick HL, Bootman MD · 2010
Researchers used a high-throughput imaging platform to monitor calcium changes in cells exposed to 900 MHz GSM fields at specific absorption rates of 0.012–2 W/kg. The study examined resting calcium, agonist-evoked calcium signals, calcium store emptying, and store-operated calcium entry. GSM field data were compared with continuous wave fields and no-field controls. No changes in calcium signals were detected even at the highest field strengths, which exceeded typical phone exposure levels. The researchers concluded they could not detect any consequence of RF exposure under their experimental conditions.
Finnie JW, Cai Z, Manavis J, Helps S, Blumbergs PC · 2010
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz RF fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes or five days per week for 104 weeks. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely moving in cages, and positive controls received a stab wound. No increase in microglial Iba1 expression was found in exposed brains compared to controls, while positive controls showed substantial activation. Acute or two-year exposure did not produce microglial activation detectable by Iba1 immunostaining.
Yu Y, Yao K. · 2010
It has been reported that exposure affects lens transparency, alters cell proliferation and apoptosis, inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication, and induces genetic instability and stress responses in lens epithelial cells. The authors note that high-power microwave radiation is well established to induce cataracts via thermal effects, but it remains unclear whether low-power microwave radiation below current exposure limits is cataractogenic. The review raises the question of whether ambient microwave environments can induce non-thermal effects in the lens with potential health consequences and calls for further in vivo studies.
Fragopoulou AF, Koussoulakos SL, Margaritis LH. · 2010
Physically comparable pregnant mice were exposed to GSM 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation from a mobile phone. Within 5h after birth most pups were fixed and processed with double staining and paraffin histology, while other pups remained with their mothers until teeth eruption. Exposed newborns appeared normal externally, but histological examination revealed variations in cranial bone and rib ossification and displacement of Meckelian cartilage.
Chavdoula ED, Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH. · 2010
Researchers exposed Drosophila melanogaster to GSM-900MHz radiation for 6 minutes daily to compare continuous and intermittent exposure effects on reproductive capacity and apoptotic cell death. Previous work showed 6-minute continuous daily exposure for five days greatly reduced reproductive capacity, measured by F1 pupae count, and this decrease was non-thermal and linked to increased DNA fragmentation in egg chamber cells. The current experiments found intermittent exposure also reduced reproductive capacity and disrupted the actin-cytoskeleton network of egg chambers, with the effect also due to DNA fragmentation. Intermittent exposures with 10-minute intervals were almost as effective as continuous exposure, while longer intervals allowed the flies to partly recover.
Franzellitti S et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells to 1.8 GHz continuous wave and GSM signals for 4, 16, or 24 hours. The GSM-Talk signal used an intermittent pattern of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off. The alkaline comet assay measured primary DNA damage and strand breaks from incomplete repair. Amplitude-modulated GSM-217 Hz and GSM-Talk signals significantly increased comet parameters after 16 and 24 hours, while continuous wave did not. DNA damage recovered within 2 hours after exposure ended, returning to sham-exposed levels.
Tomruk A, Guler G, Dincel AS. · 2010
Researchers exposed nonpregnant and pregnant New Zealand White rabbits to whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like RF radiation for 15 minutes per day over one week. Liver 8-OHdG levels did not differ between exposed and control rabbits in either the adult or newborn groups. However, MDA and FOX levels were significantly higher in exposed adult rabbits, and FOX was also elevated in newborns of exposed mothers.
Narayanan SN et al. · 2010
Healthy male albino Wistar rats were exposed to RF-EMR by giving 50 missed calls per day for 4 weeks with a GSM mobile phone in vibratory mode in the cage. Passive avoidance behaviour was significantly affected in exposed rats, shown as shorter entrance latency to the dark compartment compared to control rats. Marked morphological changes were observed in the CA3 region of the hippocampus of exposed rats compared to control rats. Mobile phone RF-EMR exposure significantly altered passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in rats.
Kawai H, Nagaoka T, Watanabe S, Saito K, Takahashi M, Ito K. · 2010
Researchers used computational models of pregnant women at 4 and 8 weeks of pregnancy to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in embryos exposed to electromagnetic plane waves from 10 MHz to 1.5 GHz. The models had a 2 mm spatial resolution and represented a woman similar in height and weight to an average-sized Japanese adult female, with either a cubic 4-week or spheroidal 8-week embryo. The maximum average SAR in the embryos was lower than 0.08 W kg(-1) when the incident power density was at the ICNIRP reference level for the general public.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2010
Gerner C et al. · 2010
Researchers used proteome analysis to study whether low-intensity radio-frequency electromagnetic field exposure could affect protein synthesis in cultured human cells. Four different cell types were exposed to 2 W/kg specific absorption rate, and autoradiography of 2D gel spots was used to measure changes in synthesis of individual proteins. An 8-hour exposure caused a significant increase in protein synthesis in Jurkat T-cells and human fibroblasts, and to a lesser extent in activated primary human mononuclear cells, while short-term exposure did not significantly alter the proteome. Quiescent, metabolically inactive mononuclear cells did not detectably respond to the exposure.
