Ma S, Li S, Wang H, Li Y, Lu C, Li X · 2025
This study investigated how terahertz radiation affects neuronal morphology and function in a technical model system. The researchers found that terahertz radiation decreased the membrane area ratio of neuronal cytosol to protrusions, which correlated with changes in neuronal firing patterns, including reduced inter-cluster discharge frequency and action potential amplitude, while increasing intra-cluster discharge and postsynaptic current peaks.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed New Zealand rabbits to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz frequencies for 38 minutes daily to test blood-brain barrier permeability. While 1800 MHz showed no significant effects, 2100 MHz radiation caused statistically significant changes to the protective barrier that normally prevents toxins from entering brain tissue.
Unknown authors · 2025
This molecular dynamics simulation study examined how terahertz (THz) waves affect the structure and function of voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 in an in vitro cell membrane model. The researchers found that THz waves at specific frequencies (13.4, 48.7, and 53.2 THz) induced resonance with biomolecules, causing measurable changes in the ion channel's pore radius, secondary structure, and calcium ion permeation properties.
Unknown authors · 2025
This study examined how frequency-specific terahertz radiation (42.5 THz) affects NMDAR-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents using patch-clamp recordings and molecular dynamics simulations. The researchers found that terahertz irradiation enhanced both the frequency and amplitude of these currents by altering the free energy landscape at the Ca²⁺ binding site within the NMDAR channel, increasing calcium permeability.
Iranfar S, Wallace J, Selmaoui B, Yahia-Cherif L · 2025
Researchers exposed healthy young adults to 900 MHz cell phone signals and measured brain activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG). The study found that even brief exposure altered brain connectivity patterns, particularly affecting communication between regions in the right hemisphere including areas involved in memory and emotion processing.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers tested hearing function in 78 young adults (ages 17-24) with different levels of mobile phone usage. They found mild to moderate hearing loss at low frequencies (250-1000 Hz) in participants who used phones more than 30 minutes daily for five years, with 4G users showing more hearing damage than 5G users. The study suggests long-term phone use may damage hearing ability in young people.
Syed Taha SMA et al. · 2025
Malaysian researchers exposed male rats to 5G frequencies (3.5 GHz and 24 GHz) for 60 days and found both frequencies damaged sperm quality and disrupted testicular immune function. The 24 GHz millimeter waves reduced sperm concentration and viability, while 3.5 GHz primarily affected sperm movement. Longer daily exposures (7 hours vs 1 hour) made the damage worse.
Sun L et al. · 2025
This study investigated the effects of sequential exposure to 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave radiation (at 10 mW/cm²) on rat hippocampus and cognitive function. The researchers found that compound microwave exposure impaired learning and memory, caused abnormal brain electrical activity, induced structural hippocampal damage, and altered gene expression patterns in peripheral blood, though these effects were reversible by 28 days post-exposure.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed human brain cancer cells to 26.5 GHz 5G signals for 3 hours at 1.25 W/kg and found no effects on cell division, DNA damage, or other key cellular functions. The study tested both continuous wave and modulated 5G signals using highly controlled laboratory conditions. This adds to the growing body of research examining potential health effects of millimeter wave 5G frequencies.
Li J et al. · 2025
This study examined how terahertz (THz) radiation at 2.52 THz frequency affects human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. The researchers found that THz irradiation significantly enhanced the cells' angiogenic capacity by increasing intracellular calcium levels and upregulating angiogenesis-related proteins like VEGF, though it did not affect cell proliferation.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed mice to 5G signals at 3.5 GHz frequency for six weeks, finding no changes in behavior or memory but detecting subtle gene expression changes in brain tissue. The study found less than 1% of brain genes were affected, with changes concentrated in areas handling nerve communication and cellular energy production.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed human skin cells (fibroblasts and keratinocytes) to 5G electromagnetic fields at levels up to ten times higher than regulatory limits for 2 and 48 hours. The study found no significant changes in gene expression or DNA methylation patterns compared to unexposed control cells, suggesting 5G radiation does not damage human skin cells at these exposure levels.
Ilgaz NS et al. · 2025
Turkish researchers exposed rats to 6 GHz radiofrequency radiation (the frequency used in WiFi 6E) for 4 hours daily over 42 days and found liver tissue damage. While DNA damage wasn't statistically significant, the study revealed clear tissue inflammation, cell death, and blood vessel congestion in exposed animals. This is the first study to examine biological effects at this specific frequency.
Gelenli Dolanbay E et al. · 2025
Scientists exposed pregnant rats to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to 5G frequencies) and examined the male offspring at 12 months old. The study found significant damage to sperm production, including smaller testicular structures, abnormal sperm, and increased cell death. This suggests that wireless radiation exposure during pregnancy may have lasting effects on male fertility.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their developing pups to 900MHz cell phone radiation at levels considered safe by current regulations (0.08 and 0.4 W/kg). The study found significant disruptions to brain development, including reduced growth factors, altered cell division, DNA damage, and imbalanced brain cell formation. These effects occurred at exposure levels well within current safety limits, suggesting developing brains may be more vulnerable than previously recognized.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed 9-day-old chicken embryos to Wi-Fi radiation (2.4 GHz) for their entire development period and found damage to developing kidney structures. The Wi-Fi exposure caused cell death, increased cell division, and blood vessel congestion in the embryonic kidneys, even though overall organ development appeared normal.
Zhou H et al. · 2025
Researchers discovered that microwave dynamic therapy (MWDT) kills colorectal cancer cells through ferroptosis, a specific type of cell death caused by iron buildup and oxidative damage. The microwaves work by disrupting a molecular pathway (PTK2B/STAT3/GPX4) that normally protects cancer cells from this iron-dependent death. This finding suggests microwave therapy could offer a low-toxicity alternative to traditional chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients.
Yilmaz H, Tümkaya L, Mercantepe T, Yılmaz A, Gül F, Suzan ZT · 2025
Researchers exposed male rats to 5.9 GHz 5G radiation for 2 hours daily and found significant damage to testicular tissue, including inflammation, reduced sperm production, and cellular stress markers. The antioxidant coenzyme Q10 prevented most of this damage when given alongside the radiation exposure.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed fruit flies to 5G frequencies (3.5 GHz) throughout their entire lives at power levels similar to cell tower emissions. The radiation disrupted four major metabolic pathways and reduced levels of 34 different metabolites, including crucial compounds like GABA and glucose-6-phosphate. This suggests 5G radiation may fundamentally alter how living organisms process energy and nutrients.
Wang X et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed mice to high-power 9.375 GHz microwave radiation (X-band) and tested their mood, learning ability, and stress markers. The mice showed no behavioral changes and actually demonstrated increased antioxidant enzyme activity, suggesting their bodies mounted a protective response. The study concluded that acute exposure at this frequency didn't cause observable harm within the tested parameters.
Wang J et al. · 2025
This study investigated whether melatonin could protect against reproductive damage caused by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure in male mice. The researchers found that 8 weeks of RF-EMR exposure (2.45 GHz) induced ferroptosis and oxidative stress in testicular tissue, reducing sperm quality, but melatonin administration mitigated these effects by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Wang H, Zou W, Ding C, Cao Y · 2025
Researchers exposed bone-forming cells to radiofrequency radiation at different intensities and found that moderate levels (150μW/cm2) triggered ferroptosis, a type of cell death linked to bone diseases. The study identified a protective protein called ATF4 that helps defend bone cells against RF damage, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for radiation-induced bone problems.
Pachhapure S, Mufida A, Wei Q, Choi J-S, Jang B-C · 2025
This study investigated whether exposure to 3.5 GHz electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation damages BV2 mouse microglial cells and whether polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), a DNA preparation from salmon sperm, can prevent this damage. The researchers found that 2-hour EMF exposure inhibited cell growth and triggered apoptosis through ROS generation and activation of specific signaling pathways, while PDRN treatment effectively countered these toxic effects by suppressing these mechanisms.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed rats to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) during induced intestinal ischemia, a condition where blood flow to the intestine is blocked. The RF-EMF treatment protected intestinal tissue by increasing nitric oxide production and reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death. This suggests RF-EMF may have therapeutic potential for preventing tissue damage during ischemic events.
Miles A, Porch A, Choi H, Cripps S, Brown H, Williams C · 2025
Researchers exposed bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) to pulsed 2.45 GHz microwaves—the same frequency used in Wi-Fi and microwave ovens—and found the bacteria grew faster and showed altered cellular chemistry compared to bacteria exposed only to heat. This demonstrates that microwave radiation can produce biological effects beyond simple heating, challenging the assumption that thermal effects are the only concern with wireless technology.
