Christ A, Gosselin MC, Christopoulou M, Kühn S, Kuster N. · 2010
Researchers compared absorption in cortex regions using MRI-based head phantoms of adults and children exposed to different mobile phone models. Locally induced fields in children were significantly higher (>3 dB) in brain subregions (cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus) and the eye due to closer phone proximity. Bone marrow showed an even larger increase (>10 dB) due to its high conductivity. Pineal gland showed no increase as its distance to the phone does not change with age. The study confirmed no age-dependent changes in peak spatial SAR when averaged over the entire head.
Chavdoula ED, Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH. · 2010
Researchers exposed Drosophila melanogaster to GSM-900MHz radiation for 6 minutes daily to compare continuous and intermittent exposure effects on reproductive capacity and apoptotic cell death. Previous work showed 6-minute continuous daily exposure for five days greatly reduced reproductive capacity, measured by F1 pupae count, and this decrease was non-thermal and linked to increased DNA fragmentation in egg chamber cells. The current experiments found intermittent exposure also reduced reproductive capacity and disrupted the actin-cytoskeleton network of egg chambers, with the effect also due to DNA fragmentation. Intermittent exposures with 10-minute intervals were almost as effective as continuous exposure, while longer intervals allowed the flies to partly recover.
Danker-Hopfe H, Dorn H, Bahr A, Anderer P, Sauter C. · 2010
Balmori A. · 2010
Researchers exposed eggs and tadpoles of the common frog (Rana temporaria) to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone antennae located 140 meters away for two months, from the egg phase until an advanced tadpole phase. The exposed group of 70 tadpoles showed low coordination of movements, asynchronous growth, and 90% mortality. A control group of 70 tadpoles kept under the same conditions inside a Faraday cage showed normal movement coordination, synchronous development, and only 4.2% mortality. The researchers concluded that radiation from phone masts in a real situation may affect development and may cause an increase in mortality of exposed tadpoles.
Sharma VP, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. · 2010
Researchers investigated the impact of cell phone EMF radiation at a power density of 8.55 microW cm(-2) on germination, early growth, proteins, carbohydrate contents, and enzyme activities in Vigna radiata (mung bean). Seedling length and dry weight were significantly reduced after exposures of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours, and protein and carbohydrate contents also fell in exposed plants. At the same time, the activities of proteases, alpha-amylases, beta-amylases, polyphenol oxidases, and peroxidases were enhanced in exposed radicles, which the researchers suggested indicated a protective response to EMF-induced stress.
Achudume A, Onibere B, Aina F, Tchokossa P · 2010
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to radio frequency radiation at 1800 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 0.95 to 3.9 W/kg for 40 or 60 days continuously. At 40 days, electromagnetic radiation failed to induce any significant alterations. At 60 days of exposure, various attributes evaluated decreased, including decreases in NADPH and ascorbate-linked lipid peroxidation along with diminution in enzymatic antioxidative defense systems and decreased glucose residue.
Morabito C et al. · 2010
Researchers used C2C12 cells as an in vitro model of the skeletal muscle phenotype to study the effects of short-term exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on muscle cell differentiation and function. ELF-EMFs induced reactive oxygen species production in myoblasts and myotubes with a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. The cellular detoxification system was activated, with increases in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. ELF-EMFs also altered intracellular calcium homeostasis, increasing the spontaneous activity of myotubes and enhancing cellular reactivity to a depolarizing agent or an agonist of intracellular store calcium channels.
Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Fanò G, Mariggiò MA · 2010
Researchers studied how extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) of different intensities and durations affected PC12 cells, a cell line used as a neuronal model, during neuronal differentiation. Long-lasting ELF-EMF exposure did not appear to significantly affect proliferation or neuritogenesis. During acute exposure lasting 30 minutes, ROS levels were increased and catalase activity was decreased in undifferentiated PC12 cells, while chronic exposure at 1.0 mT increased catalase activity. Acute exposure affected spontaneous intracellular calcium variations, and basal intracellular calcium was increased after chronic exposure.
Goraca A, Ciejka E, Piechota A. · 2010
Researchers exposed rats to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) at 40 Hz and 7 mT for either 30 or 60 minutes per day for 14 days, then measured oxidative stress markers in heart tissue and plasma. Exposure at 30 minutes per day did not significantly alter any of the measured oxidative stress markers.
Unknown authors · 2009
Application of an EF following irradiation greatly increases cell death. The result for the number of nuclei with gamma-H2AX foci in MRC5 cells indicates that an EF interferes mostly in the DNA repair mechanisms.
Unknown authors · 2009
Extremely low frequency magnetic fields in cell culture incubators have been measured. Values of the order of tens of μT were found, in sharp contrast to normal environmental levels of 0.05–0.1 μT. Numerous biological effects have been reported at these field levels, such as changes in gene expression, blocked cell differentiation, inhibition of the effect of tamoxifen, and effects on chick embryo development.
Unknown authors · 2009
Researchers exposed MCF-7 breast cancer cells from two sources to homogeneous 50-Hz electromagnetic fields at 1.2 microT. Gene expression was measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Exposure markedly increased urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 expression, marginally increased the urokinase receptor in one cell line, and slightly decreased tissue plasminogen activator expression. The authors suggest that EMFs may increase the metastatic potential of breast tumors.
Unknown authors · 2009
Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields from DC to 300 Hz have been shown to affect pain sensitivity in snails, rodents, and humans. In this fMRI study, researchers exposed normal volunteers to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and measured brain activation during acute thermal pain. Significant interactions between pre- and post-exposure activation were found between sham and exposed groups in the ipsilateral right insula, anterior cingulate, and bilateral hippocampus/caudate areas.
Unknown authors · 2009
Researchers exposed Caco 2 cells to 50 Hz, 1 mT electromagnetic fields for 24–72 hours to study protein oxidation and 20S proteasome functionality. The exposure caused a time-dependent increase in cell growth and protein oxidation, more pronounced with TPA, but did not affect cell viability. The fields also globally activated the 20S proteasome catalytic components, especially at 72 hours and with TPA, and the antioxidant EGCG reversed these pro-oxidant effects, indicating the activation was due to increased free radicals.
Unknown authors · 2009
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 volunteers to extremely low frequency (ELF) and Therapeutic Application of Musically Modulated Electromagnetic Fields (TAMMEFs) in vitro. ELF fields were 100 Hz, while TAMMEFs had variable frequencies, intensities, and wave shapes. Adenylate kinase activity increased after ELF exposure and decreased slightly after TAMMEF exposure, but ecto-5′-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and adenosine kinase activities were unchanged.
Unknown authors · 2009
The review states that electromagnetic fields in both extremely low frequency and radio frequency ranges activate the cellular stress response, inducing stress response genes such as HSP70 and increasing stress proteins like hsp70. The 20 stress protein families are evolutionarily conserved and act as chaperones that help repair and refold damaged proteins and transport them across cell membranes. Induction of the stress response involves DNA activation, and the same cellular pathways respond to both frequency ranges despite their large energy difference. Specific DNA sequences on the HSP70 promoter are responsive to EMF, and model systems suggest EMF could interact directly with electrons in DNA. Increasing EMF energy in the radio frequency range can lead to breaks in DNA strands.
Unknown authors · 2009
They analyzed 53BP1 foci marking DNA repair sites using laser confocal microscopy. Microwaves inhibited 53BP1 focus formation in both human primary fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, with the same GSM (915 MHz) and UMTS (1947.4 MHz) frequencies effective across all cell types. Exposure at 905 MHz did not inhibit foci in differentiated cells but showed some effects in stem cells, and stem cells did not adapt to chronic exposure over 2 weeks unlike fibroblasts.
Peyman A, Gabriel C, Grant EH, Vermeeren G, Martens L · 2009
Güler G, Türközer Z, Ozgur E, Seyhan N. · 2009
Researchers exposed subjects to a 50 Hz, 12 kV/m electric field for 7 days at 8 hours per day and measured pulmonary levels of heme oxygenase-1, protein carbonyl content, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and hydroxyproline. Protein carbonyl content increased significantly with electric field exposure compared to controls, while the other four markers showed no significant change. Adding the antioxidants NAC or EGCG during exposure did not produce significant changes in any of the measured parameters compared to electric field exposure alone.
Güler G, Türközer Z, Ozgur E, Tomruk A, Seyhan N, Karasu C · 2009
Researchers exposed guinea pigs to a 50 Hz, 12 kV/m electric field for 7 days, 8 hours per day, and measured protein carbonyl content (PCO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in liver, and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in plasma. They also assessed hepatic hydroxyproline levels to study protein synthesis. Exposure to the electric field did not significantly change PCO, AOPP, or 3-NT levels compared to controls. However, liver hydroxyproline was significantly reduced in the exposed group. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) administration significantly altered PCO, hydroxyproline, and 3-NT levels.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
In the study, 16 Fischer 344 rats (14 weeks old) were exposed head-only to the GSM-900 signal for 2 h at various brain-averaged SARs (0, 0.14 and 2.0 W/kg) or were used as cage or positive controls. Albumin leakage and neuron degeneration were evaluated 14 and 50 days after exposure. No statistically significant albumin leakage was observed. Neuronal degeneration assessed using cresyl violet or Fluoro-Jade B was not significantly different among the tested groups. No apoptotic neurons were found 14 days after the last exposure using the TUNEL method.
Zareen N, Khan MY, Minhas LA. · 2009
Researchers exposed developing chick embryos to different doses of mobile phone induced EMFs by placing a mobile phone in the incubator in silent ringing mode. After 10 or 15 days of incubation, they compared developmental milestones of surviving embryos with a non-exposed subgroup. EMF exposure significantly decreased embryo survivability. Lower EMF doses caused growth retardation, while increasing doses shifted the effect to partial and then definite growth enhancement.
Hartikka H et al. · 2009
Researchers performed a case-case analysis of 99 gliomas using logistic regression, defining the tumor midpoint from radiological imaging. Exposed cases were those with the tumor midpoint within 4.6 cm from the line between the mouth and the external meatus of the ear, representing the most likely phone location. A slightly higher proportion of gliomas among mobile phone users than non-users occurred within 4.6 cm from the presumed phone location (28% vs 14%), with modestly elevated odds ratios for several use indicators but no exposure gradient.
Cao Y, Zhang W, Lu MX, Xu Q, Meng QQ, Nie JH, Tong J. · 2009
In this study, exposure to 900-MHz EMF expanded γ-ray damage to SHG44 cells. Preexposure EMF enhanced the decrease in cell proliferation induced by γ-ray irradiation and the rate of apoptosis. The combination of EMF and γ-ray exposure resulted in a synergistic effect by triggering stress response, which increased reactive oxygen species, but the expression of hsp70 at both mRNA and protein levels remained unaltered.
Trosić I, Pavicić I. · 2009
The study aimed to determine the influence of mobile phone frequency radiation on proliferation, cytoskeleton structure, and mitotic index of V79 cells after 1, 2, and 3 hours of exposure. V79 cells were exposed to continuous-wave 935 MHz radiation at an electric field strength of (8.2+/-0.3) V m(-1) and a specific absorption rate of 0.12 W kg(-1). Cell proliferation declined in cells exposed for three hours when measured 72 hours after irradiation. Microtubule structure was clearly altered immediately after three hours of irradiation. The mitotic index in exposed cells did not differ from negative controls.
