Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used 21 New Zealand rabbits divided into three groups of seven, with a control group and two groups exposed to 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz radiation. Exposure was maintained at a constant power intensity of 15 dBm for 38 minutes per day under non-thermal conditions with RF levels about ten times lower than normal. Blood-brain barrier permeability was assessed by measuring Evans blue dye in brain tissue using spectrophotometry at 620 nm. No statistically significant difference was found for 1800 MHz exposure, but 2100 MHz exposure produced a statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level with a decrease in EB values.
Iranfar S, Wallace J, Selmaoui B, Yahia-Cherif L · 2025
The study aimed to test whether GSM radiofrequency exposure modulates brain functional connectivity. Healthy young adults were exposed to GSM signals at 900 MHz, modulated at 217 Hz with a maximum power of 2 W. Real exposure produced significant alterations in intra-hemispheric functional connectivity, especially in right-hemisphere regions such as the transverse temporal, entorhinal, insula, and posterior cingulate.
Syed Taha SMA et al. · 2025
Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) were exposed for 60 days to 3.5 GHz or 24 GHz RF-EMF for 1 h/day or 7 h/day, and testicular cytokines, apoptosis-related genes, and sperm quality were evaluated. IL-10 was significantly reduced in the 24 GHz group at both 1-h and 7-h exposure duration, and at 7 h TNF-α was also lower at 24 GHz. Casp3 expression was higher and Tp53 was lower at 3.5 GHz at 1-h exposure duration. Sperm concentration and viability were reduced after 24 GHz exposure at 7 h, while sperm motility was reduced after 3.5 GHz exposure at both durations.
Ilgaz NS et al. · 2025
After exposure, liver tissues were examined for DNA damage using the Comet assay and for histopathologic changes using Masson Trichrome and Hematoxylin Eosin staining. The Comet assay showed higher genetic damage index and damaged cell percentage in exposed rats, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histopathologic examination revealed more prominent portal inflammation, single cell necrosis, vascularity, and congestion in the exposed group.
Gelenli Dolanbay E et al. · 2025
Pregnant Wistar Hannover rats were divided into sham control, full-gestation exposure (3T RFR), and late-gestation exposure (2T RFR) groups with 2 hours of exposure per day. Male offspring were euthanized at 12 months for testicular analysis. In the full-gestation exposure group, seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial height were significantly reduced compared to controls. Abnormal sperm morphology increased significantly in the full-gestation exposure group. DNA damage markers and apoptosis were elevated in both exposure groups compared to sham.
Unknown authors · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed newborn male Drosophila melanogaster to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m2 continuously throughout their life cycle in constant darkness. Metabolomic analysis after long-term exposure revealed disruptions in four metabolic pathways and 34 differential metabolites. Key metabolites including GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, AMP, N-formylglycinamide nucleotide, LPC, and MG showed significant decreases. The authors suggest that long-term electromagnetic wave treatment may reduce overall metabolic levels in fruit flies.
Wang J et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed male mice to 2.45 GHz RF-EMR at 2.5 W/m2 for 8 weeks, which induced ferroptosis and oxidative stress in testicular tissue and reduced sperm quality. Melatonin administration reduced the oxidative damage and ferroptosis in the testes of exposed mice. The protective effect was mediated by melatonin stimulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway through MT1/MT2 receptors, inhibiting ROS production and ferroptosis.
Wang H, Zou W, Ding C, Cao Y · 2025
Researchers exposed MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts to radiofrequency radiation at intensities of 50, 150, and 450 μW/cm². The 150 μW/cm² exposure caused the greatest reduction in cell viability, increased lipid peroxidation, and disturbed iron homeostasis. ATF4 knockdown worsened these effects, while ATF4 overexpression protected the cells from radiation-induced damage.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used 32 Wistar Albino rats divided into four groups: sham, MIR, prophylactic RF-EMF plus MIR, and therapeutic RF-EMF plus MIR. After the experiment, blood and terminal ileum samples were collected for histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic, and biochemical analyses. In the MIR group, expressions of Cas-3, TNF-α, VEGF, BAX, and HIF-1α increased, while OSI levels and PCNA, BCL2, and eNOS expressions decreased. Marked hyperemia, hemorrhage, edema, inflammatory cell infiltrations, and erosion or ulcers were observed in the MIR group. Both prophylactic and therapeutic RF-EMF treatment reversed these molecular and pathological changes, with therapeutic treatment showing more effective recovery.
Miao X et al. · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed female Wistar rats to 700MHz radiation for short-term (6 hours daily for 10 days) and long-term (4 hours daily for 60 days) periods. No changes were seen in estrous cycles or DNA damage in either exposure group. Testosterone levels increased significantly in exposed rats, while estradiol and progesterone remained normal. Exposed ovaries showed elevated malondialdehyde and reduced superoxide dismutase, total sulfhydryl content, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Histopathology revealed no significant ovarian morphology changes after short-term exposure but cystic follicles and abnormal vasculature after long-term exposure.
Unknown authors · 2025
The study evaluated the in-vitro impact of simultaneous exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals on neuronal electrical activity, mitochondrial ROS production, and cellular stress protein responses. Primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts were exposed at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg for 15 minutes or 24 hours, respectively. No significant effects were found on the mean bursting rate or mean firing rate of cortical neurons, mitochondrial ROS production in fibroblasts remained unaffected, and HSF1 basal activity and responsiveness to MG132 showed no change. BRET assays detected only minor, inconsistent variations in RAS and PML basal activity and drug responsiveness, near the detection threshold.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed human fibroblasts to 5G RF-EMF at SAR of 0.08 and 4 W/kg for 24 hours using BRET-based biosensors. No significant effect was found on oxidative stress markers, adaptive response, or CPD repair kinetics and efficiency.
Günay S, Delen K, Özkan ET, Kuzay Aksoy D, Sırav Aral B · 2025
Er H, Basaranlar G., Derin N., Kantar D, Ozen S. · 2025
Researchers exposed adult rats to 2100 MHz RFR for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for either 1 week or 10 weeks, with sham controls. In the 1-week exposure group, all auditory brainstem response wave latencies were prolonged, oxidative stress markers increased, and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased. Acute exposure also caused edema in neurons, astrocytes, and astrocytic end-feet, as well as mitochondrial damage in astrocytes. The 10-week exposure group showed no harmful effects on the auditory system.
Unknown authors · 2025
Bektas H, Bese Akgun BB, Cakir S, Dogu S, Ahnas B · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (Sham, IR, IR+RF-EMF, RF-EMF), and IR was applied by 60 minutes of left lung hilus clamping followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion, while all rats were kept in the RF-EMF unit for 60 minutes with or without activation. IR injury increased emphysematous findings, hyperemia, septal thickness, TNF-alpha and caspase-3 expression, and raised total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, HIF-1α, eNOS, and BAX while decreasing BCL2. In the IR+RF-EMF group, improvement was detected in all parameters, indicating antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects through the HIF-1α/eNOS and BCL-2/BAX pathways.
Balmori-de la Puente A, Balmori A · 2024
The paper reviews types and causes of cetacean strandings, focusing on mass strandings lacking a direct scientific explanation. The authors propose that anthropogenic radiofrequency radiation from military and meteorological radars may cause strandings in areas with powerful radars. They searched accessible databases of military and meteorological radars worldwide and reviewed research articles on mass live strandings to find temporal or spatial patterns. The data showed certain patterns of spatial and temporal evidence in stranding concentrations along the coast after radar setup and described how radars may interfere with cetacean echolocation. Plausible mechanisms such as interference with echolocation systems or pulse communication systems are proposed.
Moon et al · 2024
The authors performed meta-analyses of the association between mobile phone use and brain tumor development using various RF-EMR exposure subcategories. The analysis included 19 case-control studies and five cohort studies. Ipsilateral use was associated with a pooled odds ratio of 1.40, and use for more than 10 years showed a pooled odds ratio of 1.27. Cumulative use over 896 hours yielded a pooled odds ratio of 1.59, and cohort studies found no statistically significant associations for any brain tumor type.
Bijlsma N, Conduit R, Kennedy G, Cohen M · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers examined RF-EMR effects on zebrafish embryos exposed during the 4-58 hours post-fertilization phase. Temporary neuroanatomical enlargements and minor behavioral shifts were observed, diminishing by day 8 post-fertilization. Short-term RF-EMR exposure at tested levels did not yield significant long-term effects.
Torres-Ruiz M et al. · 2024
Researchers exposed zebrafish embryos to unmodulated 700 MHz and 3500 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 1 and 4 hours during the blastula period and assessed outcomes up to 120 hours post fertilization. The exposure did not affect mortality, hatching, or body length, but caused specific organ morphological changes and lasting behavioral alterations in activity, anxiety-like behavior, and habituation. Effects were stronger at 700 MHz, particularly after 4 hours of exposure, and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced.
Mahmoudi R et al. · 2024
Researchers divided 32 adult male Wistar rats into four groups: control, RF-EMF alone, heat stress alone, and RF-EMF combined with heat stress. Rats in the RF-EMF group were exposed for 2 hours daily over 52 days, while the heat stress group received 10 minutes of heat per day for the same period. After 52 days, the combined RF-EMF and heat group showed significant improvements in testis volume, tubular epithelium, interstitium, cell counts, sperm quality, and Leydig cells compared with the heat-only group.
