Anderson V, Joyner KH · 1995
Researchers measured electric fields induced within a phantom head from exposure to three different advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) hand-held telephones using an implantable E-field probe. The phones were positioned alongside the phantom head as in typical use and were configured to transmit at maximum power (600 mW nominal). The SARs induced in the eye ranged from 0.007 to 0.21 W/kg, and maximum levels in the brain ranged from 0.12 to 0.83 W/kg, all below recommended safety limits.
Unknown authors · 1994
A case-control study with 12 cases and 48 matched controls examined risk factors including distance to low frequency radio towers. The odds ratio for having lived within 2.6 miles of the radio towers before diagnosis was 2.0 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.06 to 8.3. The authors noted the clustering may have been a chance event but should be noted due to its peculiar characteristics.
Nelson BK et al. · 1994
Researchers exposed rats to RF radiation that maintained colonic temperature at 42.0 degrees C for 0, 10, 20, or 30 min and to 2ME at doses of 0, 75, 100, 125, or 150 mg/kg on gestation days 9 or 13. Fetuses were examined on gestation day 20 for external, skeletal, and visceral malformations. Synergistic effects were observed for some treatment combinations but not others, with highly significant effects on gestation day 13 but little effect on day 9. Statistical analyses showed no global synergistic effect but evidence of synergism at intermediate dose levels.
Vergassola R et al. · 1994
Researchers studied the effects of various electromagnetic sources including short-wave diathermy, electrosurgical knives, electrotherapy, and radiofrequencies on both humans and animals. Short-wave diathermy was tested with various electrode positions in pigs and 8 patients with pacemakers. Electrosurgical knives were tested on pigs with unipolar knives, on 6 humans during automatic defibrillator implantation using two-pole knives, and on 23 pacemaker patients undergoing abdominal surgery using two-pole knives. Electrotherapy (TENS) and radiofrequency ablation were tested on pigs. The results were completely negative, leading the researchers to conclude that modern pacemakers are more reliable and less susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
Lu Y, Yu J, Ren Y · 1994
Researchers measured dielectric properties of human red blood cells in suspension at 25 degrees C across 1-500 MHz using a coaxial transmission line reflection method. The study included 243 healthy persons with a hematocrit of 50%. The data revealed a statistically significant age dependence with a critical age of about 49 years, above which permittivity and conductivity decreased significantly.
Ikeda N, Hayashida O, Kameda H, Ito H, Matsuda T · 1994
Researchers investigated thermal damage to normal dog brain using 8 MHz radiofrequency interstitial hyperthermia. The heating limits were 42 degrees C for 45 min or 43 degrees C for 15 min. Breakdown of the BBB was observed at 43 degrees C for 60 min.
Zhao Z, Zhang S, Zho H, Zhang S, Su J, Li L, · 1994
Researchers examined 121 workers exposed to radiofrequency radiation below 30 MHz for over one year, divided into high-intensity (>=100 V/m) and low-intensity (<100 V/m) groups compared to controls. No significant changes in autonomic nervous system functioning or blood parameters (hemoglobin, white blood cells, platelets) occurred in either exposed group. However, ECG changes including ST-T interval alterations and abnormal heart rate were observed in the high-intensity exposure group. The authors suggested 100 V/m as an exposure limit for radiofrequency radiation below 30 MHz.
Akoev IG, Mel'nikov VM, Usachev AV, Kozhokaru AF, · 1994
Researchers studied whether exposure to low-intensity radiofrequency radiation after a lethal dose of gamma-radiation could modify the resulting injury in mice. The radiofrequency exposure lasted up to 23 hours at an intensity of 5 plus or minus 1.5 microwatts per square centimeter, covering frequency ranges of 2-8, 8-18, and 19-27 GHz with a swing frequency of 12-14 Hz. A clearly pronounced modification of acute radiation injury was obtained when the radiofrequency exposure was applied immediately after the gamma-radiation.
Haider T, Knasmueller S, Kundi M, Haider M · 1994
Researchers used the Tradescantia-micronucleus bioassay to test whether short-wave electromagnetic fields used for broadcasting (10–21 MHz) may show genotoxic effects. Plant cuttings bearing young flower buds were exposed for 30 hours at various distances from broadcasting antennas, and micronucleus frequencies were compared to laboratory controls. Higher micronucleus frequencies were found at all exposure sites near the antennas where IRPA electric field strength standards were exceeded, and results at all but one site were statistically significant.
Kunjilwar KK, Behari J · 1993
Researchers exposed developing rats to amplitude-modulated radio frequency radiation at 147 MHz and its sub-harmonics for 30 to 35 days, three hours per day. A significant decrease in acetylcholine esterase activity was found in exposed rats compared to controls. The decrease in enzyme activity was independent of the carrier wave frequencies used. Short-term exposure did not significantly affect acetylcholine esterase activity.
Ouellet-Hellstrom R, Stewart WF · 1993
Researchers mailed questionnaires to 42,403 physical therapists in 1989 and used a nested case-control design with 1,753 miscarriage cases matched to 1,753 controls. A pregnancy was considered exposed if the mother reported using microwave or shortwave diathermy in the six months before or during the first trimester. Microwave use was associated with increased miscarriage odds (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.59) with a dose-response trend, while shortwave diathermy was not associated (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.91-1.24).
Goldoni J, Durek M, Koren Z · 1993
Researchers examined two groups of workers occupationally exposed to microwaves and radiofrequency radiation and compared them with a control group. One group consisted of 49 radar operators from Zagreb Air Traffic Control who were examined twice over 18 months, and the other group comprised 46 workers at radio relay stations. A follow-up study found significant changes in haematological and biochemical parameters, electrical brain activity, and capillaroscopic and ophthalmological findings in the radar operators, and a cross-sectional analysis showed the highest rate of changes in general health status for that group.
Ellingsrud S, Johnsson A · 1993
Researchers studied the up-and-down rhythmic movements of the lateral leaflets of Desmodium gyrans when exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency range. The RF radiation was applied as homogeneous 27.12 MHz fields in specially-designed exposure cells, and in some cases as non-homogeneous radiation of 27 MHz amplitude modulated by 50 Hz in front of commercial diathermy equipment. The radiation caused temporary changes in amplitude, period, and phase, and could also cause temporary or complete cessations of the rhythms.
Dutta SK, Das K, Ghosh B, Blackman CF · 1992
Researchers examined the impact of radiofrequency radiation exposure on acetylcholinesterase activity. Neuroblastoma cells (NG108) exposed for 30 minutes to 147-MHz radiation amplitude-modulated at 16 Hz demonstrated enhanced acetylcholinesterase activity. The authors concluded that radiofrequency radiation affects both calcium-ion release and acetylcholinesterase activity in nervous system-derived cells in culture in a common dose-dependent manner.
Maillefer RH, Quock RM · 1992
Male Swiss Webster mice were exposed to 10, 15, and 20 mW/cm2 RFR at 2450 MHz for 10 minutes at SARs of 23.7, 34.6, and 45.5 W/kg, then tested in the abdominal constriction paradigm. Confinement alone did not appreciably alter body temperature but appeared to induce stress-associated analgesia that was not blocked by naltrexone. RFR exposure raised body temperature and further increased analgesia in an SAR-dependent manner. The high SAR-induced analgesia was blocked by naltrexone, but the hyperthermia was not.
Adair ER, Adams BW, Hartman SK · 1992
Researchers exposed adult male squirrel monkeys to 450-MHz or 2,450-MHz continuous-wave fields in cool environments to study how the body responds to radio-frequency heating. During brief exposures in the cold, the reduction of metabolic heat production was directly proportional to the SAR, and 2,450-MHz energy was a more efficient stimulus than the resonant frequency. In the steady state, exposure at the resonant frequency produced a regulated increase in deep body temperature, described as not unlike that which occurs during exercise. Researchers concluded that skin temperature changes are the primary source of the neural signal for a change in physiological interaction processes during radio-frequency exposure in the cold.
Garson OM, McRobert TL, Campbell LJ, Hocking BA, Gordon I. · 1991
Researchers studied chromosome damage in 38 radio-linemen exposed to radio-frequency radiation and 38 matched controls. They analyzed Two hundred metaphases per person, scored blind, and found the rate of aberrant cells was the same in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the types of chromosome aberrations.
Ciaravino V, Meltz ML, Erwin DN · 1991
Researchers exposed Chinese hamster ovary cells to adriamycin and pulsed RFR at 2,450 MHz and 33.8 W/Kg for 2 h. The maximal temperature in the tissue-culture medium was 39.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C. The experiments were controlled for chemical and RFR exposures as well as for temperature. Verified statistically, the data indicate that the RFR did not affect changes in cell progression caused by adriamycin and did not change the number of sister chromatid exchanges induced by adriamycin.
Nelson BK et al. · 1991
The exploratory study aimed to determine whether concurrent exposure to RF radiation and 2-methoxyethanol enhances developmental toxicity in rats. In the primary study, pregnant rats were exposed to RF radiation sufficient to raise rectal temperature to 42.0°C for 30 minutes and given 150 mg/kg 2-methoxyethanol by gavage, and the combination raised mean fetal malformations per litter to 76% from 14% with 2ME alone and 30% with RF alone. The severity of malformations also increased with the combination, scoring 6 on a relative severity scale compared with less than 1 for 2ME alone and 3 for RF alone.
Budinscak V, Goldoni J, Saric M · 1991
Researchers measured hematological parameters in 43 radar operators employed in air traffic control who were occupationally exposed to microwave radiation of low intensity over four years. Exposed workers showed decreased erythrocytes, reticulocytes, platelets, segmented granulocytes and monocytes, and increased leucocytes and lymphocytes. The changes were not pathologically significant and most of them were reversible.
Kerbacher JJ, Meltz ML, Erwin DN, · 1990
Cleary SF, Liu LM, Merchant RE · 1990
Researchers exposed whole human blood in vitro for 2 hours to 27 or 2,450 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation under isothermal conditions at 37 degrees C. At SARs below 50 W/kg, exposure produced a dose-dependent, statistically significant increase in lymphocyte proliferation, while exposure at 50 W/kg or higher suppressed proliferation relative to sham-exposed cells. The researchers concluded that these biphasic, dose-dependent effects on lymphocyte proliferation were not dependent on heating. There were no detectable effects of RF radiation on lymphocyte morphology or viability.
Unknown authors · 1988
Nine men were exposed to 4.1 GHz radio-frequency radiation in an accident. Two men were exposed to 4.6 mW/cm2 for up to 90 minutes, exceeding the Australian standard of 1 mW/cm2, while seven others received lower exposures. Comprehensive medical examinations, including follow-up ophthalmological exams over nine months, were performed on all staff. Various abnormalities were found in all staff, but there was no consistent gradient of effect between exposure groups except possibly for hair loss. The investigators concluded that the exposure had not resulted in harmful effects.
Parker JE, Kiel JL, Winters WD · 1988
Researchers exposed four rodent cell lines to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at a Specific Absorption Rate of 103.5 +/- 4.2 W/kg at temperatures of 37, 40, 42, and 45 degrees C. The researchers extracted mRNA from exposed and sham-exposed cells and used DNA probes of oncogenes, heat shock protein, or long terminal repeat sequences to look for differences in mRNA expression. With the cell lines and probes used, no significant differences in mRNA expression were observed after microwave exposure.
Unknown authors · 1987
Typical power densities near residences did not exceed 100 pW/cm², and the highest level along Cedar Lake Road was 580 pW/cm², below the FCC guideline of 1,000 pW/cm². Near the KYGO-FM tower base, a level of 10,000 pW/cm² was found, with exceedances over a large area in a residential zone accessible to the public.
