Ma S, Li S, Wang H, Li Y, Lu C, Li X · 2025
The researchers characterized neuronal morphology using the relative ratio of cytosol to protruding membrane area. Terahertz radiation caused a decrease in this membrane area ratio starting on the first day and persisting through the end of exposure. The radiation also changed neuronal discharge patterns by lowering inter-cluster discharge frequency and action potential amplitude while increasing intra-cluster discharge, and it raised the peak of postsynaptic currents.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used 21 New Zealand rabbits divided into three groups of seven, with a control group and two groups exposed to 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz radiation. Exposure was maintained at a constant power intensity of 15 dBm for 38 minutes per day under non-thermal conditions with RF levels about ten times lower than normal. Blood-brain barrier permeability was assessed by measuring Evans blue dye in brain tissue using spectrophotometry at 620 nm. No statistically significant difference was found for 1800 MHz exposure, but 2100 MHz exposure produced a statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level with a decrease in EB values.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers constructed a cell membrane model with the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 embedded. They calculated vibrational spectra of TIP3P molecules and carboxyl and carbonyl groups in the selectivity filter region at 13.4, 48.7, and 53.2 THz. They measured changes in ion channel pore radius distribution and secondary structures of Cav1.1 triggered by external terahertz electromagnetic fields. They used umbrella sampling to assess functional changes via potential of mean force profiles of Ca2+ permeation. The results showed Cav1.1 has highly frequency specificity, emphasizing the importance of terahertz resonance with biomolecules.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to demonstrate that 42.5 THz terahertz irradiation increased both the frequency and amplitude of NMDAR-mediated mEPSCs. The effect was linked to calcium currents. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the terahertz photons resonated with carboxyl groups at the calcium binding site, increasing calcium permeability and enhancing the currents.
Iranfar S, Wallace J, Selmaoui B, Yahia-Cherif L · 2025
The study aimed to test whether GSM radiofrequency exposure modulates brain functional connectivity. Healthy young adults were exposed to GSM signals at 900 MHz, modulated at 217 Hz with a maximum power of 2 W. Real exposure produced significant alterations in intra-hemispheric functional connectivity, especially in right-hemisphere regions such as the transverse temporal, entorhinal, insula, and posterior cingulate.
Unknown authors · 2025
Seventy-eight young adults aged 17 to 24 years were recruited, completed a validated questionnaire on phone usage, were grouped by duration of use, and underwent pure tone audiometry. Mild to moderate hearing loss was evident in all three usage groups at 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 1000 Hz. Hearing loss was more evident in individuals who used phones for more than 30 minutes per day for five years continuously compared to those with shorter use. Significant hearing loss was found in 4G phone users compared to 5G users at 250 Hz and 500 Hz but not at frequencies between 1000 Hz and 8000 Hz, particularly in the left ear. Ear dominance did not play a significant role in influencing hearing loss.
Syed Taha SMA et al. · 2025
Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) were exposed for 60 days to 3.5 GHz or 24 GHz RF-EMF for 1 h/day or 7 h/day, and testicular cytokines, apoptosis-related genes, and sperm quality were evaluated. IL-10 was significantly reduced in the 24 GHz group at both 1-h and 7-h exposure duration, and at 7 h TNF-α was also lower at 24 GHz. Casp3 expression was higher and Tp53 was lower at 3.5 GHz at 1-h exposure duration. Sperm concentration and viability were reduced after 24 GHz exposure at 7 h, while sperm motility was reduced after 3.5 GHz exposure at both durations.
Sun L et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed rats sequentially to 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwaves at an average power density of 10 mW/cm². Morris water maze tests showed that exposure significantly increased average escape latency at 1 and 3 days post-exposure, indicating reduced learning and memory. Cognitive function and hippocampal structure returned to normal by 28 days after exposure.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed human neuroblastoma cells to 26.5 GHz 5G electromagnetic fields using a reverberation chamber system. The study evaluated cell cycle and DNA damage, with DNA damage also tested in combination with menadione. The authors state further investigations are needed varying exposure and biological parameters.
Li J et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells to terahertz irradiation at 2.52 THz and 100 mW/cm2. The irradiation did not alter proliferation but significantly enhanced angiogenic capacity. VEGF levels increased in the culture supernatant, and cytoskeleton-associated genes PDXP and SH3BP1 were upregulated. Intracellular calcium concentration markedly increased, and diltiazem mitigated the angiogenic enhancement.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed mice to a 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz signal for 1 hour daily, 5 days per week over six weeks at a brain-averaged SAR of 0.19 W/kg. Behavioral tests after four weeks showed no significant effects on locomotion, anxiety, or memory. mRNA profiling at the end revealed significant expression changes in less than 1% of genes, with over-representation of glutamatergic synapse genes. The right cortical area with a SAR of 0.43 W/kg showed more mitochondrial genome-encoded responsive genes than the left area with a SAR of 0.14 W/kg.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed fibroblasts and keratinocytes to electromagnetic fields up to ten times the permissible limits for 2 and 48 hours in a fully blinded experimental design. Sham-exposed cells served as negative controls and UV-exposed cells as positive controls. Differences in gene expression and methylation due to exposure were small and not higher than expected by chance.
Ilgaz NS et al. · 2025
After exposure, liver tissues were examined for DNA damage using the Comet assay and for histopathologic changes using Masson Trichrome and Hematoxylin Eosin staining. The Comet assay showed higher genetic damage index and damaged cell percentage in exposed rats, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histopathologic examination revealed more prominent portal inflammation, single cell necrosis, vascularity, and congestion in the exposed group.
Gelenli Dolanbay E et al. · 2025
Pregnant Wistar Hannover rats were divided into sham control, full-gestation exposure (3T RFR), and late-gestation exposure (2T RFR) groups with 2 hours of exposure per day. Male offspring were euthanized at 12 months for testicular analysis. In the full-gestation exposure group, seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial height were significantly reduced compared to controls. Abnormal sperm morphology increased significantly in the full-gestation exposure group. DNA damage markers and apoptosis were elevated in both exposure groups compared to sham.
Unknown authors · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
The study applied continuous Wi-Fi radiation at 2.4 GHz and 200–500 µW/m² for nine days to chicken embryos. Overall mesonephros development was not adversely affected, but moderate diffuse degenerative changes appeared in mesonephric corpuscles and tubules. Congested blood vessels were observed in the interstitium without inflammatory infiltrate. The exposed group showed significantly more apoptotic and proliferating cells and up-regulated caspase-1 gene expression.
Zhou H et al. · 2025
Yilmaz H, Tümkaya L, Mercantepe T, Yılmaz A, Gül F, Suzan ZT · 2025
Researchers exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to 5.9 GHz electromagnetic fields for two hours daily over 30 days. The EMF exposure caused histopathological damage including edema, vascular congestion, inflammation, and loss of sperm cells. EMF exposure also increased oxidative stress markers and endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins in testicular tissue. Coenzyme Q10 treatment reversed both the histopathological and biochemical changes caused by EMF exposure.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed newborn male Drosophila melanogaster to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m2 continuously throughout their life cycle in constant darkness. Metabolomic analysis after long-term exposure revealed disruptions in four metabolic pathways and 34 differential metabolites. Key metabolites including GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, AMP, N-formylglycinamide nucleotide, LPC, and MG showed significant decreases. The authors suggest that long-term electromagnetic wave treatment may reduce overall metabolic levels in fruit flies.
Wang X et al. · 2025
Wang J et al. · 2025
Researchers exposed male mice to 2.45 GHz RF-EMR at 2.5 W/m2 for 8 weeks, which induced ferroptosis and oxidative stress in testicular tissue and reduced sperm quality. Melatonin administration reduced the oxidative damage and ferroptosis in the testes of exposed mice. The protective effect was mediated by melatonin stimulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway through MT1/MT2 receptors, inhibiting ROS production and ferroptosis.
Wang H, Zou W, Ding C, Cao Y · 2025
Researchers exposed MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts to radiofrequency radiation at intensities of 50, 150, and 450 μW/cm². The 150 μW/cm² exposure caused the greatest reduction in cell viability, increased lipid peroxidation, and disturbed iron homeostasis. ATF4 knockdown worsened these effects, while ATF4 overexpression protected the cells from radiation-induced damage.
Pachhapure S, Mufida A, Wei Q, Choi J-S, Jang B-C · 2025
The exposure reduced surviving cells, increased DNA fragmentation and ROS levels, and altered phosphorylation of JNK-1/2, p38 MAPK, ERK-1/2, eIF-2α, and procaspase-9. PDRN effectively countered these effects by inhibiting the activation of JNK-1/2, p38 MAPK, and caspase-9, and the production of ROS, although it did not affect eIF-2 phosphorylation. The study is the first to report that PDRN protects against 3.5 GHz EMF-induced toxicities in BV2 microglial cells, mediated primarily by modulating ROS, JNK-1/2, p38 MAPK, and caspase-9.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used 32 Wistar Albino rats divided into four groups: sham, MIR, prophylactic RF-EMF plus MIR, and therapeutic RF-EMF plus MIR. After the experiment, blood and terminal ileum samples were collected for histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic, and biochemical analyses. In the MIR group, expressions of Cas-3, TNF-α, VEGF, BAX, and HIF-1α increased, while OSI levels and PCNA, BCL2, and eNOS expressions decreased. Marked hyperemia, hemorrhage, edema, inflammatory cell infiltrations, and erosion or ulcers were observed in the MIR group. Both prophylactic and therapeutic RF-EMF treatment reversed these molecular and pathological changes, with therapeutic treatment showing more effective recovery.
Miles A, Porch A, Choi H, Cripps S, Brown H, Williams C · 2025
Researchers designed a high-throughput waveguide applicator that exposed 96 samples simultaneously to a quantifiable electric field at 2.45 GHz. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria received non-thermal microsecond-pulsed microwave exposure at 25 W r.m.s. for 24 h. After exposure, the bacteria showed significantly higher optical density measurements and growth rates than thermal controls. Fluorescent probes indicated that microwave exposure altered the cellular redox state.
