Trosic I, Busljeta I. · 2005
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz continuous RF/MW radiation for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at 5–10 mW/cm², with subgroups receiving 4, 16, 30, and 60 total hours of exposure. The frequency of micronucleated bone marrow erythrocytes was significantly increased after 15 irradiation treatments. No statistically significant differences in micronucleus frequency were observed after 2, 8, or 30 irradiation treatments.
Seaman RL, Phelix CF. · 2005
3-NP significantly increased ER intracisternal width, ER area density, and nuclear envelope thickness. Microwave exposure at 6 W/kg alone also significantly increased these measures. Exposure of 3-NP-treated animals at 0.6 W/kg reduced the effects of 3-NP.
Nikolova T et al. · 2005
ELF-EMF significantly affected transcript levels of bcl-2, bax, and GADD45 genes but did not affect neural-specific gene mRNA levels. RF-EMF down-regulated neural-specific Nurr1 and up-regulated bax and GADD45 mRNA levels. Short-term RF-EMF exposure for 6 hours caused a transient increase in DNA double-strand breaks, while 48-hour exposure did not. No effects were observed on mitochondrial function, nuclear apoptosis, cell proliferation, or chromosomal alterations.
Markovà E, Hillert L, Malmgren L, Persson BR, Belyaev IY. · 2005
Researchers investigated the effects of GSM microwaves at different carrier frequencies on human lymphocytes from healthy persons and from persons reporting hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields. They measured changes in chromatin conformation and analyzed proteins 53BP1 and gamma-H2AX, which have been shown to colocalize in distinct foci with DNA double-strand breaks. GSM microwaves affected chromatin conformation and 53BP1/gamma-H2AX foci similar to heat shock, and on average the same response was observed in lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy subjects.
Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz RFEMR at a specific absorption rate of approximately 90 mW/kg inside a waveguide for 7 days at 12 h per day. Sperm number, morphology, and vitality were not significantly affected by the exposure. However, detailed DNA analysis using QPCR revealed statistically significant damage to both the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear beta-globin locus.
Tkalec M, Malaric K, Pevalek-Kozlina B. · 2005
Researchers evaluated duckweed growth and peroxidase activity after exposure in a Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell to electric fields at frequencies of 400, 900, and 1900 MHz. Plants exposed for 2 h to a 23 V/m field at 900 MHz showed significantly decreased growth compared with the control, while the same field strength at 400 MHz did not have such an effect. Peroxidase activity in exposed plants varied depending on exposure characteristics, with a significant increase of 41% found in plants exposed for 2 h to 41 V/m at 900 MHz.
Yokus B, Cakir DU, Akdag MZ, Sert C, Mete N · 2005
Researchers examined the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (50 Hz, 0.97 mT) on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in rats. Measurements of 8OHdG and TBARS were taken at 50 and 100 days to look for time-dependent changes. The 8OHdG levels of the exposed group were significantly higher than the sham group at both 50 and 100 days (p<0.001). The extent of DNA damage and lipid peroxidation appeared to depend on exposure time.
Wolf FI et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed HL-60 leukemia cells, Rat-1 fibroblasts, and WI-38 diploid fibroblasts to 0.5–1.0-mT 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields for 24–72 hours. The treatment produced a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation, with about a 30% increase after 72 hours of exposure to 1.0 mT. A dose-dependent increase in DNA damage was observed in all cell lines, with two peaks occurring at 24 and 72 hours. Both effects were prevented by pretreatment with α-tocopherol, suggesting that redox reactions were involved.
Belyaev IY et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed human lymphocytes from healthy subjects and from persons reporting hypersensitivity to electromagnetic field (EMF) to 915 MHz microwaves and 50 Hz magnetic field, then measured chromatin conformation and markers of DNA damage. Both exposures caused significant chromatin condensation, similar to heat shock at 41 °C, but no significant differences were found between hypersensitive and healthy subjects. Neither 915 MHz nor 50 Hz exposure induced 53BP1 foci, and no apoptosis was induced.
Baohong Wang et al. · 2005
Researchers studied whether 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field radiation (RFR) at a SAR of 3 W/kg could interact with four chemical mutagens to damage DNA in human lymphocytes in vitro. DNA damage was detected using comet assay at two incubation times after treatment. RFR alone showed no difference in DNA damage compared to the control group, but co-exposure with MMC or 4NQO produced significantly greater DNA damage than those chemicals alone. Co-exposure with bleomycin or methyl methanesulfonate did not significantly increase DNA damage compared with those chemicals alone.
Zotti-Martelli L et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed whole blood samples from nine healthy donors to continuous 1800-MHz microwave radiation at power densities of 5, 10 and 20 mW/cm2 for 60, 120 and 180 minutes, measuring genotoxic effects using the micronucleus assay. A statistically significant but rather low increase in micronuclei was observed depending on exposure time and applied power density. Both spontaneous and induced micronuclei frequencies varied significantly among donors, and the experiment was repeated three months later to test reproducibility.
Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rudiger H. · 2005
Researchers exposed cultured human diploid fibroblasts and transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at SAR levels of 1.2 or 2 W/kg, using both intermittent and continuous exposures. DNA strand breaks were determined by means of the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Effects occurred after 16 h exposure in both cell types, and intermittent exposure showed a stronger effect in the comet assay than continuous exposure. The researchers concluded that the induced DNA damage cannot be based on thermal effects.
Ramundo-Orlando A, Liberti M, Mossa G, D'Inzeo G. · 2004
Enzyme activity decreased only at 5.6 W/kg, with no response at lower SAR values. When using deglycated ascorbate oxidase without oligosaccharide chains, microwave irradiation caused no enzyme activity changes, indicating the chains are necessary for the effect. Catalytic properties of both enzyme forms were unaffected by microwave exposure in solution or in liposomes, ruling out enzyme conformational changes as a mechanism. The authors concluded that oligosaccharide chains of ascorbate oxidase are critical for microwave effects on lipid membranes.
Chemeris NK et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated genotoxic effects of HPPP EMF (8.8 GHz, 180 ns pulse width, peak power 65 kW, repetition rate 50 Hz) on erythrocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis. They used the alkaline comet assay to assess DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile lesions. Blood samples were exposed for 40 minutes in a rectangular waveguide with a specific absorption rate of about 1.6 kW/kg. The temperature rise in blood samples at steady state was 3.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C, and the increase in DNA damage was induced by this temperature rise.
Capri M et al. · 2004
Researchers studied whether prolonged in vitro exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency could affect human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and elderly donors by altering apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and heat shock protein 70 levels. Three GSM signal modulations (Basic, DTX, and Talk) were applied at specific absorption rates of 1.4 and 2.0 W kg−1. Endpoints were analyzed both with and without the apoptosis-inducing agent 2-deoxy-D-ribose. No significant difference was found between RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells for any endpoint. The 1800 MHz RF did not induce apoptosis on its own, did not alter apoptosis triggered by an agent, and did not change mitochondrial function or HSP 70 expression.
Lagroye I et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed C3H 10T½ cells to 2450 MHz CW microwaves at 1.9 W/kg for 2 hours, then irradiated them with 4 Gy gamma rays, and used the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay to detect DNA damage. Ionizing radiation induced significant DNA damage, but microwave exposure alone caused no detectable DNA damage. Microwaves did not impede DNA migration induced by gamma rays, and no evidence of DNA–protein crosslinks or changes in DNA-associated protein was found after microwave exposure.
Lagroye I et al. · 2004
The study aimed to investigate the effect of 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwaves on DNA damage in rat brain cells and whether proteinase K is needed to detect such damage. Rats exposed to γ-rays showed significant DNA damage using both comet assay versions independent of proteinase K. Neither assay version detected any difference in comet length or normalized comet moment between sham-exposed and microwave-exposed rats regardless of proteinase K inclusion. No DNA damage was detected in brain cells after exposure to 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwaves at 1.2 W kg−1 regardless of proteinase K inclusion. The results support the conclusion that low-level 2450 MHz pulsed-wave microwave exposures do not induce DNA damage detectable by the alkaline comet assay.
Hook GJ et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed Molt-4 T lymphoblastoid cells to CDMA, FDMA, iDEN, and TDMA modulated RF radiation for up to 24 hours. DNA damage was measured with the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay and apoptosis with the annexin V affinity assay. No statistically significant difference in DNA damage or apoptosis was observed between sham and exposed cells for any frequency, modulation, or exposure time.
Hook et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed J774.16 mouse macrophage cells to FMCW radiation at 835.62 MHz and CDMA radiation at 847.74 MHz for 20–22 hours at a specific absorption rate of 0.8 W/kg. Cells were stimulated with γ-interferon and bacterial lipopolysaccharide before exposure. The results indicated that FMCW- and CDMA-modulated RF radiation did not alter parameters indicative of oxidative stress in J774.16 cells.
Tzaphlidou M, Fotiou E. · 2004
The study aimed to investigate the effects of a 910-MHz electromagnetic field on rat cranial arachnoid and dura mater collagen. Rat arachnoid and dura mater collagen fibrils were exposed to 910 MHz for 2 h/day for 30 consecutive days. Axial periodicity was measured by image analysis of electron-optical data and compared with sham-exposed animals. The measurements revealed that exposure affected intermolecular interactions during collagen fibril assembly.
Tafforeau M et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed flax seedlings to 105 GHz radiation from a Gunn oscillator for 2 hours at non-thermal levels. The exposure induced meristem production with kinetics similar to those induced by weak environmental stresses and GSM phone radiation.
Prohofsky EW · 2004
Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A, Margaritis LH · 2004
The study used GSM mobile phones with a carrier frequency at 900 MHz. Insects were exposed to the near field of the mobile phone antenna for 6 minutes per day during the first 2–5 days of adult life. Modulated radiation decreased reproductive capacity by 50–60% while nonmodulated radiation decreased it by 15–20%. The authors suggested the radiation decreases the rate of cellular processes during gonad development.
Nylund R, Leszczynski D · 2004
Researchers exposed the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 to mobile phone radiation and examined protein expression using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Up to 38 proteins showed statistically significant changes in expression levels after irradiation. Four proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, including two isoforms of the cytoskeletal protein vimentin.
Munoz S, Sebastian JL, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2004
Researchers calculated the transmembrane voltage induced on erythrocyte, codocyte, ovalocyte, and spherocyte cell models exposed to a linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave at 1800 MHz. The induced voltage on the original erythrocyte shape was higher than on the altered cell geometries. Erythrocyte shape and membrane electric permittivity were found to play a fundamental role in the induced transmembrane voltage values. A finite element numerical technique with adaptive meshing was used for the calculations.
